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Hemo, lymph, and immune > structure and function of blood > Flashcards

structure and function of blood Flashcards

1
Q

this substance is a connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix:

A

blood

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2
Q

what are the three general functions of blood?

A

Transportation, regulation, and protection

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3
Q

what does blood transport?

A 
oxygen from lungs to body
carbon dioxide from body to lungs
nutrients from GI tract to body
heat and waste from body
and hormones from endocrine gland
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4
Q

what does blood help regulate?

A

ph of body fluids
body temperature
osmotic pressure

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5
Q

how does blood protect?

A

blood clots in response to an injury
white blood cells protect against disease
and additional proteins called interferons and complement that also help against disease

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6
Q

how do white blood cells protect against diseases?

A

phagocytosis and producing antibodies

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7
Q

what is the temperature of blood?

A

38 C (100.4 F)

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8
Q

what is the ph of blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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9
Q

blood constitutes what percentage of total body weight?

A

8 percent

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10
Q

blood volume of men and women?

A

5 to 6 L Men

4 to 5 L Women

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11
Q

what are the two portions that whole blood is composed of?

A

blood plasma

formed elements

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12
Q

what are “formed elements”?

A

cells and cell fragments

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13
Q

what % of blood is formed elements?

A

45%

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14
Q

what % of formed elements is red blood cells?

A

99%

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15
Q

white blood cells and platelets occupy what percentage of total blood volume?

A

1%

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16
Q

what percentage of blood volume is plasma?

A

55%

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17
Q

what is the term for the percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells?

A

hematocrit

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18
Q

what is the normal range of HCT expressed as a percentage for males and females?

A

42-52% M

37-47% F

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19
Q

what is the “buffy coat” made up of?

A

WBCs and platelets

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20
Q

What makes up blood plasma?

A

91.5% water
7% protein
1.5% solutes other than proteins

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21
Q

proteins in the blood are mostly synthesized by this organ:

A

liver

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22
Q

what is the most plentiful plasma proteins?

A

albumins

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23
Q

albumins account for what percentage of plasma proteins?

A

54%

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24
Q

what is a pigment that gives whole blood its red color?

A

hemoglobin

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25
Q

23% of carbon dioxide is transported by this protein:

A

hemoglobin

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26
Q

how many /uL of RBC’s do females and males have?

A
  1. 4 Million M

4. 8 Million F

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27
Q

how long do red blood cells live?

A

120 days

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28
Q

how long do white blood cells live?

A

few hours to a few days

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29
Q

how many /uL of white blood cells do we have?

A

5000-10,000 uL

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30
Q

what is the structure of white blood cells/leukocytes vs RBCs?

A

they have nuclei and a full complement of organelles, but they do not contain hemoglobin.

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31
Q

WBC’s are classified as what?

A

granular or agranular

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32
Q

what makes WBCs have the “granular” appearance?

A

chemical filled cytoplasm granule (vesicles)

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33
Q

what are the three granular leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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34
Q

which granular leukocyte is the most plentiful?

A

Neutrophils-50-70% of all WBCs

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35
Q

which granular leukocytes suppresses effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and destroys certain parasitic worms?

A

Eosinophils.

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36
Q

what granular leukocyte is 1-5% of all WBC?

A

Eosinophils

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37
Q

which granular leukocyte is 0-1% of all WBCs?

A

basophils

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38
Q

which granular WBC releases heparin, histamine and serotonin that intensifies the inflammatory response in allergic reactions?

A

Basophils

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39
Q

what are the agranular WBCs?

A

lymphocytes

Monocytes

40
Q

do granular or agranular WBCs attack viruses?

A

agranular

41
Q

These WBCs are 20-40% of all WBC, and include T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells?

A

lymphocytes

42
Q

which agranular WBC is 1-6% of all WBCs and can transform into a fixed histiocyte or a wandering macrophage? (the homeless, crackhead WBC)

A

Monocytes

43
Q

how many /uL of platelets do we have?

A

150,000-400,000/uL

44
Q

these cell fragments live 5-9 days, have many vesicles but no nucleus?

A

Platelets

45
Q

these form a plug during hemostasis and release chemicals that promote vascular spasm and blood clotting?

A

platelets

46
Q

what is the process called by which the formed elements of blood develop?

A

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis

47
Q

what is the primary site of hematopoiesis?

A

red bone marrow

48
Q

these cells have the capacity to develop into different cells types and differentiates into 2 cell lines?

A

Pluripotent Stem Cells

49
Q

what are the 2 cells likes that differentiate from pluripotent stem cells?

A

myeloid and lymphoid

50
Q

what are the cells that differentiate from myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow?

A 
RBC
platelets
eosinophils 
mast cells
basophils 
neutrophils
monocytes
51
Q

these cells begin development in the bone marrow, mature in the lymphatic tissues, and come from the lymphoid stem cells?

A

T cells
B cells
Nature Killer Cells

52
Q

what are immature neutrophils called?

A

bands/

53
Q

> 10% bands is considered abnormal and may be due to what?

A

a left shift. usually considered a poor prognosis

54
Q

if you have cancer or a myelodysplastic disorder you will make the most immature cells. what are these called?

A

blast

55
Q

what is the name for a sequence of responses that stops bleeding when a blood vessel is injured?

A

hemostasis

56
Q

hemostatic responses must be these three things:

A

quick, localized, carefully controlled

57
Q

what are the three mechanisms that can reduce loss of blood from blood vessels?

A

Vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting (coagulation)

58
Q

if blood clots too easily it can result in what?

A

thrombosis

59
Q

if blood takes too long to clot it can result in what?

A

hemorrhage

60
Q

what are the clotting factors that activate each other to start coagulation?

A

Calcium ions (Ca2)
enzymes that are made by liver cells
molecules associated with platelets or release by damaged tissues

61
Q

how are clotting factors identified?

A

Roman numerals

62
Q

what are the three stages of clotting?

A

prothrombinase is formed

prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin (helped with vitamin K)

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin

63
Q

what is clot retraction?

A

the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot

64
Q

what forms connective tissue in the ruptured issue in time?

A

fibroblasts

65
Q

what cells repair the vessel lining?

A

endothelial

66
Q

this process occurs simultaneously as coagulation, and activates plasminogen into plasmin to begin digesting and dissolving fibrin threads?

A

fibrinolysis

67
Q

What is the term for clotting in an unbroken blood vessel?

A

Thrombosis

68
Q

What is the term for a blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by blood?

A

Embolus

69
Q

What is the most common sight for an embolus?

A

Lungs

70
Q

What are the genetically determined assortment of antigens on the surface of red blood cells called?

A

-Agglutinogens

71
Q

What are agglutinogens composed of?

A

Glycolipids and glycoproteins

72
Q

How many blood groups and antigens can be detected on RPGs?

A

24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens

73
Q

What is another name for the antibodies contained in blood plasma?

A

Agglutinins

74
Q

indications for fresh whole blood transfusion?

A

Massive hemorrhage where more than 10 units are expected to be used and cardiac surgery

75
Q

Donor must be this type for transfusion…

A

ABO Type and Rh specific unless low titer O unit donors have been previously identified

76
Q

Walking blood bank requirements…

A

10% of crew
prefilled DD572s
ID of low titer O donors

77
Q

Types of blood transfusions…

A 
Fresh whole blood 
Packed RBCs
Leukocyte poor blood
Autologous packed RBCs
Frozen RBCs
78
Q

How many mLs of RBCs are in a 300 mL bag of Packed RBCs?

A

200 mL

79
Q

1 unit of packed RBCs will bring up the hemoglobin by how much?

A

1 gram per dL

80
Q

What is the threshold for giving hemoglobin packed RBCs for critically ill patients?

A

Below 7-8 g/dL

81
Q

For every unit of packed RBCs you should give what?

A

FFP and platelets for 1 to 1 to 1 ratio

82
Q

Why do you want leukocyte poor blood for transfusions?

A

reduce incidence of leukoagglutination reactions, platelet alloimmunizations, transfusion related acute lung injury and CMV exposure.

83
Q

how long can autologous packed RBCs be stored in a refrigerator for?

A

up to 35 days or longer

84
Q

DoD guidelines allow units of frozen glycerolized RBC’s to be kept for how many years?

A

10 years

85
Q

how long does it take a ACP215 to deglycerolize one unit of blood?

A

one hour

86
Q

after deglycing a unit of blood, it can be stored in a refrigerator for how many days?

A

14

87
Q

what are some of the transfusion reactions?

A

hemolytic
leukoagglutinin
hypersensitivity

88
Q

most hemolytic reactions are due to what?

A

clerical errors and mislabeled specimens

89
Q

signs and sx of hemolytic transfusion reactions?

A

fever and chills with backache
impending doom, dyspnea, hypotension, cardiovascular collapse.

STOP TRANSFUSION IMMEDIATELY.

90
Q

death occurs in what percent of acute hemolytic reactions?

A

4% due to ABO incompatibility.

91
Q

Treatment for hemolytic transfusions:

A

hydrate patient

forced diuresis with mannitol

92
Q

leukoagglutinin reactions are mostly from what?

A

patients who have been sensitized to leukocyte antigens through previous transfusion or pregnancy

93
Q

symptoms of a leukoagglutinin reactions:

A

fever and chills w in 12 hrs.

cough and dyspnea

94
Q

treatment for leukoagglutinin reactions:

A

acetaminophen 500-600 mg PO
diphenhydramine 25 mg PO
hydrocortisone 1mg/kg IV

95
Q

The common pathway numbers are what?

A

X, V, II, I

96
Q

what is the extrinsic pathway?

A

VII

Hemo, lymph, and immune (5 decks)

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