structure and function of blood Flashcards
this substance is a connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix:
blood
what are the three general functions of blood?
Transportation, regulation, and protection
what does blood transport?
oxygen from lungs to body carbon dioxide from body to lungs nutrients from GI tract to body heat and waste from body and hormones from endocrine gland
what does blood help regulate?
ph of body fluids
body temperature
osmotic pressure
how does blood protect?
blood clots in response to an injury
white blood cells protect against disease
and additional proteins called interferons and complement that also help against disease
how do white blood cells protect against diseases?
phagocytosis and producing antibodies
what is the temperature of blood?
38 C (100.4 F)
what is the ph of blood?
7.35 to 7.45
blood constitutes what percentage of total body weight?
8 percent
blood volume of men and women?
5 to 6 L Men
4 to 5 L Women
what are the two portions that whole blood is composed of?
blood plasma
formed elements
what are “formed elements”?
cells and cell fragments
what % of blood is formed elements?
45%
what % of formed elements is red blood cells?
99%
white blood cells and platelets occupy what percentage of total blood volume?
1%
what percentage of blood volume is plasma?
55%
what is the term for the percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells?
hematocrit
what is the normal range of HCT expressed as a percentage for males and females?
42-52% M
37-47% F
what is the “buffy coat” made up of?
WBCs and platelets
What makes up blood plasma?
91.5% water
7% protein
1.5% solutes other than proteins
proteins in the blood are mostly synthesized by this organ:
liver
what is the most plentiful plasma proteins?
albumins
albumins account for what percentage of plasma proteins?
54%
what is a pigment that gives whole blood its red color?
hemoglobin
23% of carbon dioxide is transported by this protein:
hemoglobin
how many /uL of RBC’s do females and males have?
- 4 Million M
4. 8 Million F
how long do red blood cells live?
120 days
how long do white blood cells live?
few hours to a few days
how many /uL of white blood cells do we have?
5000-10,000 uL
what is the structure of white blood cells/leukocytes vs RBCs?
they have nuclei and a full complement of organelles, but they do not contain hemoglobin.
WBC’s are classified as what?
granular or agranular
what makes WBCs have the “granular” appearance?
chemical filled cytoplasm granule (vesicles)
what are the three granular leukocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
which granular leukocyte is the most plentiful?
Neutrophils-50-70% of all WBCs
which granular leukocytes suppresses effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and destroys certain parasitic worms?
Eosinophils.
what granular leukocyte is 1-5% of all WBC?
Eosinophils
which granular leukocyte is 0-1% of all WBCs?
basophils
which granular WBC releases heparin, histamine and serotonin that intensifies the inflammatory response in allergic reactions?
Basophils
what are the agranular WBCs?
lymphocytes
Monocytes
do granular or agranular WBCs attack viruses?
agranular
These WBCs are 20-40% of all WBC, and include T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells?
lymphocytes
which agranular WBC is 1-6% of all WBCs and can transform into a fixed histiocyte or a wandering macrophage? (the homeless, crackhead WBC)
Monocytes
how many /uL of platelets do we have?
150,000-400,000/uL
these cell fragments live 5-9 days, have many vesicles but no nucleus?
Platelets
these form a plug during hemostasis and release chemicals that promote vascular spasm and blood clotting?
platelets
what is the process called by which the formed elements of blood develop?
Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis
what is the primary site of hematopoiesis?
red bone marrow
these cells have the capacity to develop into different cells types and differentiates into 2 cell lines?
Pluripotent Stem Cells
what are the 2 cells likes that differentiate from pluripotent stem cells?
myeloid and lymphoid
what are the cells that differentiate from myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow?
RBC platelets eosinophils mast cells basophils neutrophils monocytes
these cells begin development in the bone marrow, mature in the lymphatic tissues, and come from the lymphoid stem cells?
T cells
B cells
Nature Killer Cells
what are immature neutrophils called?
bands/
> 10% bands is considered abnormal and may be due to what?
a left shift. usually considered a poor prognosis
if you have cancer or a myelodysplastic disorder you will make the most immature cells. what are these called?
blast
what is the name for a sequence of responses that stops bleeding when a blood vessel is injured?
hemostasis
hemostatic responses must be these three things:
quick, localized, carefully controlled
what are the three mechanisms that can reduce loss of blood from blood vessels?
Vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting (coagulation)
if blood clots too easily it can result in what?
thrombosis
if blood takes too long to clot it can result in what?
hemorrhage
what are the clotting factors that activate each other to start coagulation?
Calcium ions (Ca2)
enzymes that are made by liver cells
molecules associated with platelets or release by damaged tissues
how are clotting factors identified?
Roman numerals
what are the three stages of clotting?
prothrombinase is formed
prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin (helped with vitamin K)
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
what is clot retraction?
the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot
what forms connective tissue in the ruptured issue in time?
fibroblasts
what cells repair the vessel lining?
endothelial
this process occurs simultaneously as coagulation, and activates plasminogen into plasmin to begin digesting and dissolving fibrin threads?
fibrinolysis
What is the term for clotting in an unbroken blood vessel?
Thrombosis
What is the term for a blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by blood?
Embolus
What is the most common sight for an embolus?
Lungs
What are the genetically determined assortment of antigens on the surface of red blood cells called?
-Agglutinogens
What are agglutinogens composed of?
Glycolipids and glycoproteins
How many blood groups and antigens can be detected on RPGs?
24 blood groups and more than 100 antigens
What is another name for the antibodies contained in blood plasma?
Agglutinins
indications for fresh whole blood transfusion?
Massive hemorrhage where more than 10 units are expected to be used and cardiac surgery
Donor must be this type for transfusion…
ABO Type and Rh specific unless low titer O unit donors have been previously identified
Walking blood bank requirements…
10% of crew
prefilled DD572s
ID of low titer O donors
Types of blood transfusions…
Fresh whole blood Packed RBCs Leukocyte poor blood Autologous packed RBCs Frozen RBCs
How many mLs of RBCs are in a 300 mL bag of Packed RBCs?
200 mL
1 unit of packed RBCs will bring up the hemoglobin by how much?
1 gram per dL
What is the threshold for giving hemoglobin packed RBCs for critically ill patients?
Below 7-8 g/dL
For every unit of packed RBCs you should give what?
FFP and platelets for 1 to 1 to 1 ratio
Why do you want leukocyte poor blood for transfusions?
reduce incidence of leukoagglutination reactions, platelet alloimmunizations, transfusion related acute lung injury and CMV exposure.
how long can autologous packed RBCs be stored in a refrigerator for?
up to 35 days or longer
DoD guidelines allow units of frozen glycerolized RBC’s to be kept for how many years?
10 years
how long does it take a ACP215 to deglycerolize one unit of blood?
one hour
after deglycing a unit of blood, it can be stored in a refrigerator for how many days?
14
what are some of the transfusion reactions?
hemolytic
leukoagglutinin
hypersensitivity
most hemolytic reactions are due to what?
clerical errors and mislabeled specimens
signs and sx of hemolytic transfusion reactions?
fever and chills with backache
impending doom, dyspnea, hypotension, cardiovascular collapse.
STOP TRANSFUSION IMMEDIATELY.
death occurs in what percent of acute hemolytic reactions?
4% due to ABO incompatibility.
Treatment for hemolytic transfusions:
hydrate patient
forced diuresis with mannitol
leukoagglutinin reactions are mostly from what?
patients who have been sensitized to leukocyte antigens through previous transfusion or pregnancy
symptoms of a leukoagglutinin reactions:
fever and chills w in 12 hrs.
cough and dyspnea
treatment for leukoagglutinin reactions:
acetaminophen 500-600 mg PO
diphenhydramine 25 mg PO
hydrocortisone 1mg/kg IV
The common pathway numbers are what?
X, V, II, I
what is the extrinsic pathway?
VII
