Structure and Function of the airways Flashcards

1
Q

What does the trachea split into?

What is the name given to the type of branching that splits into two?

Why is the cartilage ‘C’ shaped?

A

Bronchi

Dichotomous branching

Something about swallowing

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2
Q

What is the alveolar region made of? What is the function at this region?

A

idk

Gas exchange takes place

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3
Q

What is the structure of an alveolar unit?

A

Alveolar macrophages = phagocytosis (ingest particles) = clean

Type I cell = v. thin, facillitates gas exchange between the alveoli and blood

Type II = replicate to produce more type I cells when the Type I cells get damaged, secrete a bunch of stuff and nullify toxins

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4
Q

Describe the image, spot where the Type I and Type II cells are?

A

Ridges = blood vessels because type I cells are so thin

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5
Q

What are the basic functions of the respiratory airways?

How are the airways kept open?

A

Conduct O2 to the alveoli, allow for CO2 to exit etc.

Mechanical stability of cartilage = keeps it open

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6
Q

What structure prevent air being taken into the stomach and food into the lungs?

What are conchae? Where are they found?

A

Epiglottis

Lots of vasculature = warming of air before it goes down

Nasal hairs = filter out the hair (first line of defence in protecting the lower airways

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7
Q

How are the airway structures organised?

A

Not a fully circle of cartilage = improves machnical stability

When the smooth muscle contractes, it squeezes some of the mucus out to protect the something?

Many vasculature - fill tracheal tissue with oxyge and etc.

Goblet cells = produces mucus

Cilia face??

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8
Q

cartoon pic of structure of airway

A
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9
Q

What are the different airway cell types?

What are the main 4?

A

Ciliated, smooth muscle, nerves, glands, …?

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10
Q

What is the structure of ciliated cells?

Why are there many mitochondria in the ciliated cells?

A

Mitochondria = provide ATP to power sweeping motion of cilia

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11
Q

What is mucin secretion? Where is it from? How is it stimulated?

A

from goblet cells

Size expansion = intragranules release their contents

Enormous capacity

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12
Q

What is the role of the submucosal glands?

A

Washes mucus secretion to the collecting duct?

idk missed most of it?

Mucous, serous and gland cells

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13
Q

What do ciliated cells do?

What rhythm do the cilia follow for sweeping?

A

idk

Some cilia go one way, and some go the other way - works like a mexican wave

Metachronal rhythm - movement controlled by calcium

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14
Q

What is the function of the epithelium?

A

Not just a physical barrier

Produces nitric oxide

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15
Q

What are prosteoglandins?

What enzyme produces prosteoglandins?

A
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16
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscles of the airway?

A

Structure =

Funciton = contraction and relaxation to constrict and open up the airways

Constriction to stop something going too far down - gives better chance of coughing it up

17
Q

What happens when there is inflammation in the smooth muscle of the airways?

A

Structure = hyper proliferated

Tone = more contracted

Secretion = excess

18
Q

What is the airway vasculature?

A

Trachio-bronchial circulation system

19
Q

What vasculature is found under the epithelium?

Why is it structured this way?

A

Plexus of arteries, capillaries and veins found just under the epithelium

Direct exchange, contributes to warming, clear away inhaled drugs, supplies airway tissue with inflammatory cells and proteinaceous plasma

20
Q

What are the nerves found in the airways that control airway function?

What are the regulatory and inflammatory inhibitors?

A

cholinergic, adrenergic, sensory

idek

21
Q

idk what he’s on about?

22
Q

idk missed some more stuff

23
Q

What are the different cells of the immune syste and what inflammatory secretions do they produce?

24
Q

What are some respiratory diseases that result in the loss of airway?

25
What is the risk factor for COPD?
Smoking
26
What is asthma? What are its characteristics? What is the main inflamamtory cell in asthma?
Airflow obstruction = reversible dyspnoea = shortness of breath associated with airway inflammaiton leading to airway remodelling eosinophil
27
What are the pathological signs of asthma?
Eosinophils, something something etc bronchoconstriction
28
29
What is the current understanding of asthma?
'simple' schematic excess mucus? Cholinergic reflex set off = bronchoconstriction + mucus secretion