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Respiratory System > Structure And Function of Respiratory System > Flashcards

Structure And Function of Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A 
Ventilation
Gas exchange
Regulate blood pH
Air preparation
Vocalisation 
Olfaction
Protection and Defence
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2
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

A small space within the nostrils, covered in dense networks of hair which filters out particles present in inhaled air.

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3
Q

What marks the division between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx?

A

The posterior nares/ choanae

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4
Q

What is the function of nasal breathing?

A

To heat and moisten air and to remove inhaled particles from the air

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5
Q

What is contained within nasal secretion which protects the body against infection?

A

IgA antibodies
Lysozyme
Interferons

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6
Q

Where do the cilia of the nasal cavity move the mucous gel layer to?

A

The oropharynx, where the mucous can be swallowed.

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7
Q

What forms the walls of the nasal cavity?

A

The bones of the craniofacial skeleton

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8
Q

How is the nasal cavity wall split in two?

A

By a bony septum formed by the vomer and an inferior projection of the ethmoid bone

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9
Q

What are the names of the three narrow, mucosa-covered plates of bone on the, lateral wall of the nasal cavity called and what is their function?

A

They are the superior, middle and inferior conchae and increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and create a turbulent airflow which brings incoming air into contact with the moist warm walls.

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10
Q

What are the spaces beneath the conchae on the lateral nasal cavity walls called?

A

The superior, middle and inferior meatus’

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11
Q

What kind of epithelium is the mucosa of the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

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12
Q

What is the role of goblet cells in the respiratory tract?

A

To secrete mucus

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13
Q

What is the name of the mucous membrane that covers the top of the nasal cavity and what is its function?

A

The olfactory mucosa - it contains sensory cells that detect odour

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14
Q

What is the hard palate - where does it exist, what is it formed of and what is its function?

A

The hard palate forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity.
It is formed by projections of the palatine and maxillae bones that meet at the midline

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15
Q

What is the soft palate - where does it exist, what is it formed by and what is its function?

A

The soft palate is a muscular extension of the hard palate and hangs from the back of it, separating the oral cavity from the nasopharynx. It can move backwards to block entry to the nasal cavity so that food does not enter the nasal cavity

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16
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

What is the role of the nasopharynx?

A

It connects the nasal cavity to the oropharynx. It receives the eustachian tubes from the inner ear. It contains the pharyngeal tonsils.

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18
Q

Where is the oropharynx located?

A

It sits between the sift palate and upper border of the epiglottis, and posterior to the oral cavity and tongue.

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19
Q

What are the three types of tonsils which are embedded in the oropharynx?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

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20
Q

What are tonsils formed from and what are their function?

A

Tonsils are formed by nodules of lymphatic tissue and function to protect the body from inhaled and ingested pathogens

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21
Q

Acute inflammation of which type of tonsils causes tonsillitis?

A

The palatine tonsils

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22
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils situated?

A

At the posterior region of the oral cavity between the glossapalatine and pharyngopalatine arches.

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23
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

A

In the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.

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24
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

A

On the posterior surface of the tongue

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25
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx located?

A

The laryngopharynx connects the oropharynx to the larynx and terminates at the level of the cricoid cartilage. It becomes continuous with the oesophagus

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26
Q

What is the fancy name for voice box?

A

Larynx

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27
Q

What is the name of the muscle which help with movement of the larynx?

A

Accessory muscles

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28
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

Protecting the airway
Closing and sealing the lower respiratory tract
Voice production

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29
Q

At what level of the spinal cord does the trachea begin?

A

C6

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30
Q

At what spinal cord level does the trachea split into two bronchi?

A

T4

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31
Q

What is the approximate length of the trachea in an adult male?

A

12cm

32
Q

There are rings of cartilage surrounding the trachea. What shape are they?

A

C-shaped

33
Q

What is the carina and what is its function?

A

It is a thick, incomplete cartilaginous ring that runs between the two primary bronchi at the bifurcation of the trachea and directs air into each principle bronchus during respiration

34
Q

The principle bronchi are surrounded in cartilage. What is the nature if this cartilage and how is it united?

A

The principal bronchi are surrounded by incomplete rings of cartilage which areanteriorly united with fibroelastic membrane.

35
Q

Through which structure do the principle bronchi and vasculature travel to the lungs?

A

The hilum

36
Q

What is the difference between the left and right principle bronchi?

A

Right is more vertical, shorter and wider than the left

37
Q

How many lobes are present on each lung?

A

3 on right lung

2 on left lung

38
Q

Are the lobar bronchi surrounded by cartilage?

A

Yes - they are surrounded by irregular cartilage plates

39
Q

How many tertiary bronchi are there in each lung?

A 
Right = 10 tertiary bronchi
Left = 8 tertiary bronchi
40
Q

What are bronchioles composed of?

A

Fibroelastic membrane and smooth muscle

41
Q

What is the function of bronchioles?

A

To control the resistance to airflow and therefore distribution of air in the lungs

42
Q

What is the specific type of bronchiole that branches into alveolar ducts?

A

Respiratory bronchiole

43
Q

What are the two types of bronchiole?

A

Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

44
Q

What feature if alveoli makes them highly efficient in the process of gas exchange?

A

They are tiny, thin-walled sacs wit a rich blood supply and often their walls are just one cell thick meaning that gases only have to diffuse across a very small distance

45
Q

What type of alvolar cells secrete surfactant?

A

Type II alveolar cells

46
Q

What is the purpose of surfactant?

A

It decreases the surface tension in alveoli, preventing them from collapsing

47
Q

What immune cells is contained in high quantities in the alveoli to protect against infection?

A

Macrophage

48
Q

What do alveolar ducts branch into?

A

Alveolar sacs

49
Q

What do alveolar sacs branch into?

A

Alveoli

50
Q

What is the name of the small air passages which connect adjacent alveoli and allow for communication?

A

Pores of Kohn

51
Q

Type II alveolar cells are derived from type I alveolar cells. T/F?

A

False - the opposite is true

52
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Cilia beat synchronously to move mucus (containing bacteria etc.) towards the larynx where it can be swallowed and digested in the stomach by acid to destroy any bacteria present

53
Q

How many generations are there between the atmosphere and the alveoli?

A

23

54
Q

What parts of the airway comprise the conducting airway?

A

The trachea to the terminal bronchioles

55
Q

What part of the airways comprise the respiratory airway?

A

The respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli

56
Q

What is the role of the conducting airway?

A

To warm and moisten the air as it passes to the respiratory surface

57
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lobe of the lung?

A 
Right superior lobe = 3
Right middle lobe = 2
Right inferior lobe = 5
Left superior lobe = 4-5
Left inferior lobe = 4-5
58
Q

Through what vessels is deoxygenated blood taken to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries

59
Q

Through what vessels is oxygenated blood taken away from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary veins

60
Q

In most people, how many pulmonary veins are there?

A

4

61
Q

How is the kung tissue itself, supplied with oxygen?

A

Through the bronchial arteries

62
Q

What part of the lung protrudes above the clavicle?

A

Apex

63
Q

What structures divide the lungs into lobes?

A

The transverse and oblique fissures

64
Q

What is the cardiac impression?

A

The concavity situated in the anteroinferior and medial surface of each lung, where the heart sits

65
Q

What kind of epithelium exists in the pleura of the lungs?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

66
Q

What are the two layers of the pleura of the lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

Parietal pleura

67
Q

Which pleura of the lungs cannot be separated from the lungs and lacks sensory innervation?

A

The visceral pleura

68
Q

What structures are lines by the parietal pleura?

A

The thoracic wall, diaphragm and structures within the mediastinum

69
Q

What nerves innervate the parietal pleura?

A

The intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve

70
Q

What is the name of the space between the two membrane of the pleura and what is it filled with?

A

The pleural cavity is filled with pleural fluid that allows the layers to slide over each other

71
Q

What type of junctions hold together type ia alveolar pneumocytes and why are these important?

A

Tight junctions limit the movement of fluid in and out of the alveoli

72
Q

Where is pleural fluid produced and where is it drained?

A

Pleural fluid is mostly produced by the circulation in the parietal pleura and reabsorbed by the lymphatic system

73
Q

Where do the bronchial veins drain?

A

Right bronchial vein drains to the azygous vein

Left bronchial vein to the superior intercostal vein or accesory hemiazygous vien

74
Q

Which vessels supply the lung tissue itself with oxygen?

A

Bronchial arteries

74
Q

What veins drain deoxygenated blood from the lung tissue?

A

Bronchial veins and some in pulmonary veins

74
Q

What type of epithelium lines the visceral pleura of the lung?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

Respiratory System (13 decks)

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