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Haematology > Structure and Function of RBCs > Flashcards

Structure and Function of RBCs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the stain used for a basic blood smear?

A

Wright-Giemsa stain.

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2
Q

What stops collected blood from clotting?

A

EDTA in the collection tube.

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3
Q

How does EDTA work?

A

Chelates calcium

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4
Q

Acidic Aromatic stain?

A

Eosin

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5
Q

What does Eosin stain?

A

Hydrophobic basic macro-molecules (Haemoglobin and some other proteins)

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6
Q

Which cell does Eosin stain particularly well?

A

Eosinophil

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7
Q

What percentage of blood is made up of Eosinophils?

A

Less than 5%

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8
Q

Functions of Eosinophils

A

Mediators of innate immunity

Increase in context of allergic and parasitic infections

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9
Q

Aromatic Basic stain?

A

Methylene Blue

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10
Q

What does Methelene Blue stain adhere to?

A

Hydrophobic acidic macro-molecules such as Nucleic Acids

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11
Q

What cells does methelene Blue predominantly stain?

A

Basophils

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12
Q

What percentage of Blood cells are Basophils?

A

Less than 1%

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13
Q

Functions of Basophils

A

Degranulation during allergic reactions

Related to tissue mast cells

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14
Q

Which cells stain with a little of either dyes?

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

Lifespan of Neutrophils

A

1 day

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16
Q

Neutrophils make up what percentage of Leukocytes?

A

40-70%

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17
Q

When do Leukocytes increase their numbers? (up to 10 fold?)

A

During Bacterial and Fungal infections.

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18
Q

How do Neutrophils do their duty?

A

Phagocytosis
Degranulation
Formation of extracellular traps

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19
Q

Defining features of Monocytes?

A

Few or no cytoplasmic granules

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20
Q

What percentage of blood leukocytes are Monocytes?

A

3-8%

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21
Q

Functions of Monocytes?

A 
Phagocytes that present antigen on MHC class II
Macrophages are derived from Monocytes.
Numbers increase in wide variety of diseases.
22
Q

Lymphocytes life span?

A

Days to years.

23
Q

What is different about reactive forms of lymphocytes?

A

Have more cytoplasm and more prominent nucleoli

24
Q

What is the structure of platelets?

A

Small anucleate fragments

25
Q

Functions of Platelets

A
  1. Primary Hemostatic plug via aggregation
  2. Stimulate coagulation cascade
  3. Stimulate wound healing (secretion of PDGF which recruits fibroblasts)
  4. Present Antigen
26
Q

How are Bands morphologically different from mature neutrophils?

A

Horseshoe shaped nuclei

Bean shaped nuclei in even less mature neutrophils (metamyelocytes)

Round nuclei in myelocytes

27
Q

What is different about neutrophil appearance during bacterial infection?

A

Increased cytoplasmic toxic granules.

28
Q

Describe the red cell design

A

Flexible shape
Bi-concave disc
Cable reinforce alpha beta spectrin heterodimer anchored to Ankyrin and Band 3
Haemoglobin packed in just short of crystallization concentrations
Na/K ATPase pump maintains osmotic pressure (Failure of ATPase pump results in swelling and bursting)

29
Q

Effect of Oxidants on Haemoglobin

A

Radicals damage Haemoglobin leading to formation of inter and intra di-sulfide bonds which further leads to precipitation and or denaturation of haemoglobin.

30
Q

What protects red cells from oxidants?

A

The Glutathione system

31
Q

What is required for efficient operation of the Glutathione

A

NADPH and The enzyme Gluthathione reductase.

32
Q

What does Iron oxidized to the Fe3+ state produce?

A

Methemoglobin

33
Q

How is Methemoglobin reduced?

A

Via cytochrome b5 reductase

34
Q

What is required for reduction of Methemoglobin by cytochrome B5 reductase.

A

NADH

35
Q

What are 2 of the essential metabolic processes of RBCs?

A

Glycolysis to make ATP and NADH

Pentose shunt to make NADPH

36
Q

What is the first enzyme of the pentose phosphate shunt?

A

G-6-PD

37
Q

What is the most common cause of NONSPHEROCTIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA?

A

Pyruvate Kinase deficiency.

38
Q

When is NONSPHEROCTIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA first diagnosed?

A

In Neonates (available screening test)

39
Q

Facts about PK deficiency?

A 
Autosomal recessive
Over 100 possible mutations
Causes right shift in O2 dissociation curve
Increased intracellular 2,3-DPG
Depleted ATP formation
40
Q

Clinical features of PK deficiency

A

Marked aniso-and poikilocytosis
Red cell Fragments
Xerocytes
High reticulocyte count >30-40%

41
Q

How do RBCs protect themself from complement?

A

DAF and CD55

42
Q

Lack of DAF results in?

A

PMH Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

43
Q

Terms decribing insufficient Haemoglobin in red cells?

A

Hypochromic and/or microcytic

44
Q

What is meant by Aniscytosis?

A

RBC morphology characterized by highly varied RBC sizes/volume

45
Q

What is Poikilocytosis

A

RBC Morphology characterized by highly varied Shape

46
Q

What is Polychromasia?

A

Appearance of residual mRNA in RBCs, usually associated with accelerated production. (Basophilic staining in center of the RBC)

47
Q

What are the causes of Heinz-Bodies? (Precipitated Haemoglobin in RBCs)

A
  1. Due to genetic defect in haemoglobin structure (haemoglobinopathy)
  2. Failure of antioxidant systems can lead to precipitation of haemoglobin.
48
Q

Results of Heinz body formations?

A
  1. Cell shape can be altered i.e sickling
  2. Tissue based Phagocytes can do damage to repair on oxidized haemogolbin removing chunks of the RBC creating bite cells.
49
Q

What are Schistocytes?

A

Red cell fragments.

50
Q

How are schistocytes formed?

A
  1. Mechanical lysis (artificial valves)

2. Microangiopathic processes

Haematology (16 decks)

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