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BRS Bioregulatory Systems > Structure And Function Of Airways > Flashcards

Structure And Function Of Airways Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of branching does the lung have

A

Dichotomous
Every tube splits into two

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2
Q

What area trachea held open by

A

C shaped cartilage rings

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3
Q

What property does cartilage provide the airway with

A

Mechanical stability

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4
Q

Why does the back of the trachea not have cartilage

A

To allow oesophagus to run down the back to swallow food

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5
Q

What is the name of the point at which the bronchi enter the lungs at?

A

Hilium

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6
Q

Type I cells alveolus

A

Facilitate gas exchange
Very thin delicate barrier

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7
Q

Type II cell alveolus

A
  • Replicate to replace type I cells
  • Secrete surfactant (reduces surface tension) and antiproteases
  • Xenobiotic metabolism (breakdown of drugs and noxious chemicals that enter alveoli)
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8
Q

Explain the distribution of type I and type II alveolar cells in the alveolar region

A

Type I - Cover ~95% of alveolar surface; lesser in number than type II, but are much larger.

Type II - Greater numbers than type I, but only cover ~5% of surface.

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9
Q

What do macrophages and fibroblasts do

A

Clean debris and viruses
Produce ECM matrix holding the whole thing together

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10
Q

What part of the alveolar region is where gas exchange takes place?

A

Alveolar sac

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11
Q
  • What is the main function of the respiratory airways?
A

To conduct O2 to alveoli and CO2 out of the lung (gas exchange)

This is facilitated by cartilage which gives mechanical stability, control of calibre (smooth muscle) and protection + cleaning mechanisms

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12
Q

Pharynx function

A

Common passageway for food liquid and air

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13
Q

What is the function of conchae

A

Highly vascular contribute to warming and humidification of intra nasally inhaled air

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14
Q

What do nasal hairs do?

A

Filter out large particles

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15
Q

What do the conchae, meatuses and paranasal sinuses produce?

A

Mucous traps debris

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the airway wall

A

Submucosal gland partially embedded within the contractile smooth muscle ring; goblet cells within the epithelium contribute to the production of mucous, lies superficially above the ciliated epithelial layer

Mucociliary transport to release the pollutants

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17
Q

What assists in the removal of mucous and debris from the nasal cavity?

A

Cilia

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18
Q

Lining cells

A
  • Ciliated
  • Intermediate
  • brush
  • basal
19
Q

Contractile cells

A

Smooth muscle

20
Q

Secretory cells

A
  • Goblet (epithelium)
  • Mucous
  • ## Serous (glands)
21
Q

Connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts
Interstitial cell

22
Q

Neuroendocrine cells

A
  • Nerves
  • Ganglia
  • Neuroendocrine cells
  • Neuroepithelial bodies
23
Q

Vascular cells

A
  • Endothelial
  • Pericyte
  • Plasma cell
  • Smooth muscle
24
Q

Immune cells

A
  • Mast cell
  • Dendritic cell
  • Lymphocyte
  • Eosinophil
  • Macrophage
  • Neutrophil
25
Q

What do mucin granules contain and how is it hydrated

A

Mucin granules contain mucin in goblet cells; highly condensed forms of mucin requires hydration, this is hydrated through water absorption in trachea ( Airway liquid comes into granule→ Expansion of mucin generates expansive mucous

26
Q

Why do the epithelial cells have so many mitochondria?

A

Cillia need energy to move and waft mucous along surface

27
Q

Acini

A

Mucous producing units

28
Q

What do serous acini secrete?

A

Anti-bacterial enzymes e.g. lysozyme

Water and salts like Na+ and Cl-

29
Q

What is the arrangement of ciliary structures?

A

9+2 microtubule arrangement

30
Q

What is the rhythm of ciliary beating?

A

Metachronal- different lines of ciliary hair move at different times to waft mucous down to back of throat

31
Q

List all the airway epithelium functions

A
  1. Secretion of mucin, water and electrolytes (Components of mucous + plasma, mediators)
  2. Movement of mucus **by cilia - Mucociliary clearance
  3. Physical barrier against inhaled insult
  4. Production of regulatory and inflammatory mediators:
32
Q

List the inflammatory mediators

A

Nitric oxide secreted by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which could control cilia beating

Carbon Monoxide by haem oxygenase (HO); enzyme catalyses the degradation of haem to produce biliverdin, Fe2+ (ferrous iron) and CO. Products activate vasodilatory pathways

Arachidonic acid metabolites (COX, prostaglandins)

Chemokine (IL-8)

Cytokines (GM-CSF)

Proteases

33
Q
  • What does brown-staining on a histological section in the human airway show?
A

Anti-NOS antibody results in brown staining to identify NOS

Significant presence of NO exhibits a regulatory function on ciliary beat - high presence within the epithelium

34
Q

What does contraction of this smooth muscle lead to?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle stimulates secretion into epithelial lining

Also closes airway to prevent something going down airways

35
Q

What are the (3) functions of airway smooth muscle cells?

A
  • Structure of airway- contribute to it
  • Tone (airway caliber) and contract + relax
  • Secretion of mediators, cytokines, chemokines- normally it is a little

Under inflammation

  • Structure- contribute more towards structure via hypertrophy and proliferation e.g. in asthma
  • Still contribute to tone
  • Secrete a lot more mediators, cytokines, chemokines
  • Produce prostaglandins, adhesion + NO molecules
36
Q

What is the name of the airway vasculature?

A

Tracheo-bronchial systemic circulation

37
Q

How does blood return from tracheal circulation?

A

Systemic veins

38
Q

How does blood return from bronchial circulation to both sides of the heart?

A

Bronchial and pulmonary veins

39
Q

List all the functions of tracheo-bronchial circulation (4)

A
  • Direct gaseous exchange between systemic circulation in the tissue of sub-epithelial micro-vasculature. Highly vascular system facilitates direct gas exchange between tissues and blood
  • Direct good gas exchange (directly between airway tissues and blood)
  • Contributes to warming and humidification of inspired air
  • Clearance of inhaled drugs (Benefit is dependent on the mechanism of delivery of drug)
  • Supplies airway tissue and lumen with inflammatory cells; in addition to proteinaceous plasma (mechanism of plasma exudation)
40
Q

Nerves- what different types of nerves control airway function

A
  • Parasympathetic- cholinergic
  • Nitrous oxide sympathetic adrenergic pathway
  • Sensory nerves
41
Q

Outline the parasympathetic ‘motor’ pathway for airway control

A

Innervation via vagus nerve through corticospinal tract, motor pathway

Secretion of ACh NT via cholinergic synapse of postganglionic fibre and gland

This stimulates the bronchostriction and contraction of smooth muscles within trachea + stimulates submucosal glands to secrete mucous

42
Q

Outline the “sympathetic” and nitric oxide (NO) pathway for airway control

A

Sympathetic - Adrenergic reflex causes bronchodilation, smooth muscle relaxes, dilating the airways

Adrenaline is secreted by adrenal gland, and directly relaxes the airways

Nitric Oxide - NO is a NT of neuronal pathway that dilates and opens airways

Adrenaline and the neuronal pathway producing nitric work to relax the airways

We DON’T have sympathetic nervous relaxant pathway which release NA- we have NO secreting nerves instead which causes airway smooth muscle to relax

43
Q

Name 3 respiratory diseases associated with loss of airway control

A

Asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis - all common conditions

(These diseases are associated with abnormalities of airway inflammation and obstruction)

BRS Bioregulatory Systems (54 decks)

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