IntroductionTo Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Dorsal vs ventral
Dorsal means back
Ventral means belly
In the brain dorsal is the superior portion
Ventral is inferior
In the spinal chord dorsal is posterior and ventral is anterior
Rostral vs caudal
Rostral means nose/beak
Caudal means tail
In the brain rostral means anterior and caudal means posterior
In the spinal chord roster means superior and caudal means inferior
Frontal view
Shows dorsal and ventral
Vertical cut
Transverse
Shows rostral and caudal (horizontal cut
Saggital
Shows dorsal ventral rostral and caudal
Cut in the middle
CNS VS PNS
CNS consists of brain and spinal chord
PNS consists of neurons cell bodies and synaptic connections
Spinal nerves are joined to the spinal chord and cranial nerves are joined to the brain
Peripheral nerves innervating upper limbs cluster into brachial plexus whereas those innervating lower limbs cluster into lumbar plexus
Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Somatic is voluntary control which rely as sensory info and voluntary motor initiatives
Autonomic is involuntary control which is divided into sympathetic (fight and flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)
Afferenr vs efferent
Afferent neurons carry sensory info from peripheral receptors to the CNS
Eg cluster at dorsal root ganglion
Efferent Carry impulses from the CNS to the peripheral tissues
Eg motor neurons
Interneuorons
Relay info within CNS
White matter
Mainly made up of myelinated axons
Grey matter
Consists of neuronal cell bodies,neuropil( dendrites and unmyelinated axons),glial cells,synapses and capillaries
What is the cerebral cortex
A highly convoluted outer mantle of grey matter
What are the two cerebral hemispheres separated by
The great longitudinal fissure
Cerebrum characteristic
Gyrus is a wrinkle/fold
Sulcus is a groove
Fissure is deep groove
What divides the frontal and parietal lobe
Central sulcus
What divides the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum
Sylvian fissure
Frontal lobe
Motor processing,higher order thinking and decision making
Precental gyrus controls execution of voluntary movement
Parietal lobe
Integration of sensory information and language processing
Primary somatosensory cortex ie postcentral gyrus is responsible for processing sensory info
Temporal lobe
Processsing of auditory signals
Occipital lobe
Processes vision
Meninges
Ensheathes entire CNS and consists of
Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia mater
Dura mater
Tough collagenius membrane
Two layers of dura mater separate to form dura venous sinuses to allow venous drainage of the brain
Arachnoid mater
Separated from pia mater by subarachnoid space which contains CSF
Pia mater
Firmly adherent to surface of cerebral cortex and spinal chord follows contour of sulcus and gyrus
What is used for anaesthesia
Epidural space
What happens is csf circulation is blocked eg by a tumor
Increases pressure and expansion of the ventricles which causes hydrocephalus
What is csf in the ventricular system secreted by
The choroid plexus
How many cranial nerves does the brain have
12
Limic lobe
Contains regions for memory and emotion aspects of the brain
Cerebral blood supply
Supplied by internal carotid arteries:anterior cerebral arteries and middle cerebral artery
Vertebral arteries:basilar artery
Anastomose to form circle of Willis containing anterior cerebral arteries internal carotid arteries and posterior cerebral arteries
Lateral ventricles
Where csf is made
Within each hemisphere
Connected to third ventricle by interventricular foramen
Third ventricle
Junction of midbrain and forebrain
Connected to lateral ventricles via interventricular foramen
Connected to fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Dorsal surface if the hindbrain
Connected to third ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
