IntroductionTo Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Dorsal vs ventral

Answer 1

Dorsal means back
Ventral means belly
In the brain dorsal is the superior portion
Ventral is inferior
In the spinal chord dorsal is posterior and ventral is anterior

Question 2

Rostral vs caudal

Answer 2

Rostral means nose/beak
Caudal means tail
In the brain rostral means anterior and caudal means posterior
In the spinal chord roster means superior and caudal means inferior

Question 3

Frontal view

Answer 3

Shows dorsal and ventral
Vertical cut

Question 4

Transverse

Answer 4

Shows rostral and caudal (horizontal cut

Question 5

Saggital

Answer 5

Shows dorsal ventral rostral and caudal
Cut in the middle

Question 6

CNS VS PNS

Answer 6

CNS consists of brain and spinal chord
PNS consists of neurons cell bodies and synaptic connections
Spinal nerves are joined to the spinal chord and cranial nerves are joined to the brain
Peripheral nerves innervating upper limbs cluster into brachial plexus whereas those innervating lower limbs cluster into lumbar plexus

Question 7

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Answer 7

Somatic is voluntary control which rely as sensory info and voluntary motor initiatives
Autonomic is involuntary control which is divided into sympathetic (fight and flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Question 8

Afferenr vs efferent

Answer 8

Afferent neurons carry sensory info from peripheral receptors to the CNS
Eg cluster at dorsal root ganglion
Efferent Carry impulses from the CNS to the peripheral tissues
Eg motor neurons

Question 9

Interneuorons

Answer 9

Relay info within CNS

Question 10

White matter

Answer 10

Mainly made up of myelinated axons

Question 11

Grey matter

Answer 11

Consists of neuronal cell bodies,neuropil( dendrites and unmyelinated axons),glial cells,synapses and capillaries

Question 12

What is the cerebral cortex

Answer 12

A highly convoluted outer mantle of grey matter

Question 13

What are the two cerebral hemispheres separated by

Answer 13

The great longitudinal fissure

Question 14

Cerebrum characteristic

Answer 14

Gyrus is a wrinkle/fold
Sulcus is a groove
Fissure is deep groove

Question 15

What divides the frontal and parietal lobe

Answer 15

Central sulcus

Question 16

What divides the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum

Answer 16

Sylvian fissure

Question 17

Frontal lobe

Answer 17

Motor processing,higher order thinking and decision making
Precental gyrus controls execution of voluntary movement

Question 18

Parietal lobe

Answer 18

Integration of sensory information and language processing
Primary somatosensory cortex ie postcentral gyrus is responsible for processing sensory info

Question 19

Temporal lobe

Answer 19

Processsing of auditory signals

Question 20

Occipital lobe

Answer 20

Processes vision

Question 21

Meninges

Answer 21

Ensheathes entire CNS and consists of
Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia mater

Question 22

Dura mater

Answer 22

Tough collagenius membrane
Two layers of dura mater separate to form dura venous sinuses to allow venous drainage of the brain

Question 23

Arachnoid mater

Answer 23

Separated from pia mater by subarachnoid space which contains CSF

Question 24

Pia mater

Answer 24

Firmly adherent to surface of cerebral cortex and spinal chord follows contour of sulcus and gyrus

Question 25

What is used for anaesthesia

Answer 25

Epidural space

Question 26

What happens is csf circulation is blocked eg by a tumor

Answer 26

Increases pressure and expansion of the ventricles which causes hydrocephalus

Question 27

What is csf in the ventricular system secreted by

Answer 27

The choroid plexus

Question 28

How many cranial nerves does the brain have

Answer 28

12

Question 29

Limic lobe

Answer 29

Contains regions for memory and emotion aspects of the brain

Question 30

Cerebral blood supply

Answer 30

Supplied by internal carotid arteries:anterior cerebral arteries and middle cerebral artery
Vertebral arteries:basilar artery
Anastomose to form circle of Willis containing anterior cerebral arteries internal carotid arteries and posterior cerebral arteries

Question 31

Lateral ventricles

Answer 31

Where csf is made
Within each hemisphere
Connected to third ventricle by interventricular foramen

Question 32

Third ventricle

Answer 32

Junction of midbrain and forebrain
Connected to lateral ventricles via interventricular foramen
Connected to fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct

Question 33

Fourth ventricle

Answer 33

Dorsal surface if the hindbrain
Connected to third ventricle via cerebral aqueduct