Structure And Development Of NS

Question 1

What are the primary functions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Stimulus processing, decision making, and movement control

Question 2

What type of nervous system do sponges and jellyfish (Invertebrates) possess?

Answer 2

Nerve net

They have a ventral nerve cord compared to dorsal nerve cords (nerve cord in the back) in vertebrates

Question 3

List the brain divisions common to all vertebrates.

Answer 3

• Olfactory bulb
• Cerebral hemispheres
• Cerebellum
• Optic tectum
• Medulla oblongata

Question 4

What is the small central collection of neuronal control circuits in Amphioxus called?

Answer 4

Primitive brain

Question 5

What are the two main parts of the forebrain?

Answer 5

• Diencephalon - thalamus and hypothalamus
• Telencephalon - cortex and olfactory bulb

Question 6

What does the central nervous system (CNS) develop from?

Answer 6

The walls of the neural tube

Question 7

What is spina bifida?

Answer 7

Failure of the posterior neural tube to close

Question 8

How can the incidence of neural tube defects be reduced?

Answer 8

Supplementing diet with folic acid in early pregnancy

Question 9

What are the three layers of cells in the developing nervous system?

Answer 9

• Endoderm
• Mesoderm
• Ectoderm

Question 10

What do the dorsal roots of the spinal cord contain?

Answer 10

Sensory, afferent neurons

Question 11

What do the ventral roots of the spinal cord contain?

Answer 11

Motor, efferent neurons

Question 12

What is the primary channel for messages between the brain and the body?

Answer 12

Spinal cord

Question 13

What are the two types of matter in the spinal cord?

Answer 13

• Grey matter
• White matter

Question 14

Which part of the brainstem is important for controlling blood pressure and respiration?

Answer 14

Medulla

Question 15

What role does the pons play in the brain?

Answer 15

Important relay between cortex and cerebellum

Question 16

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 16

Relay and gating roles in sleep and conscious movement

Question 17

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 17

Regulates homeostasis and reproduction

Question 18

What is the cerebellum primarily responsible for?

Answer 18

Movement control

Question 19

What structure separates the two halves of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 19

Sagittal fissure

Question 20

What is the neocortex?

Answer 20

The more complex 6-layer structure of the cortex in mammals

Question 21

List the cortical lobes of the cerebral cortex in clockwise order from the front.

Answer 21

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal

Question 22

What anatomical feature increases the processing power of the brain?

Answer 22

Cortical neurons

Question 23

True or False: The cerebellum contains at least as many neurons as both cerebral hemispheres combined.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Fill in the blank: The brain is hollow and bathed in _______.

Answer 24

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 25

What anatomy does Dorasal - Ventral describe?

Answer 25

Back and belly

Question 26

What anatomy does Cranial - Caudal describe?

Answer 26

Head end to tail end

Question 27

What anatomy does proximal - distal describe?

Answer 27

Close to far —> one end to the other

Question 28

Name the sectional plane of the brain

Answer 28

Coronal = frontal plane

Longitudinal = Sagittal plane

Axial/ horizontal = transverse plane

Question 29

What is meant by decussation?

Answer 29

To become crossed

Means the brain is lateralised

Question 30

What is a brain division specific to mammals?

Answer 30

The neocortex (processes complex information)

Question 31

What 4 regions is the CNS split into?

Answer 31

1. Forebrain
2. Midbrain (makes up brain stem)
3. Hindbrain (makes up brain stem)
4. Spinal cord

Question 32

What is the part in the Midbrain known as?

Answer 32

Mesencephalon = Tectum and tegmentum

Question 33

What is the part in the Hindbrain known as?

Answer 33

Rhombencephalon = Pons, medulla and cerebellum