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Physiological Systems > Structure and Composition of the body > Flashcards

Structure and Composition of the body Flashcards

1
Q

At the molecular level, the body consists of four macromolecules

What are they?

A
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
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2
Q

Proteins are a polymer of what?

A

Amino Acids
the body utilizes some 20 different amino acids from which it synthesizes proteins.

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3
Q

What are the roles of protein in the body?

A

Proteins have a variety of roles in the body

  • They act as receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters
  • They act as enzymes
  • They act as carrier molecules transporting material across cell membranes.
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4
Q

Carbohydrates exist in many forms

What are they?

A

Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose)
OR
Polysaccharides which are polymers of many monosaccharides (e.g. Glycogen)

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5
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates?

A

The primary role of carbohydrates is to act as an energy source for the many reactions occurring within the body.
Some organs (e.g. Brain)have an absolute dependence on glucose as a source of energy .

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6
Q

What is the job of Polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides function as an energy store such as glycogen which can be broken down into monomers (glucose) to provide a source of energy.

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7
Q

Draw:
- The typical structure of an amino acid,
- How it forms a peptide bond to form proteins

A

THRIVE IN PHYSIOLOGY PAGE 2 FIGURE 1.1

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8
Q

Draw the structure of glucose

A

THRIVE IN PHYSIOLOGY PAGE 2 FIGURE 1.2

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9
Q

Glycoproteins and Glycolipids are a combination of what?

A

1) Carbohydrates combining with protein
2) Carbohydrates combining with lipids

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10
Q

Do carbohydrates contribute to the structure of DNA and RNA?

A

YES
A final role for one group of carbohydrates is to contribute to the structure of DNA and RNA

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11
Q

What is the function of Lipids?

A

Lipids are water-insoluble compounds, unlike proteins and carbohydrates, which perform a variety of roles in the body.
Lipids are an important component in the formation of cell membranes
- They act as an energy source
- And some of them act as hormones (e.g. steroids and the prostaglandins.)

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12
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are the principal components in the storage and transfer of genetic information.

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13
Q

How is DNA formed?

A

DNA is formed from a sugar molecule (Deoxyribose sugar) linked to a variety of bases ( Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine and Adenine.)

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14
Q

How is a Nucleoside and a Nucleotide formed?

A

A molecule of sugar combined with a base produces a structure called a Nucleoside.
When this becomes linked to a phosphate group it forms a nucleotide.

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15
Q

What is DNA and RNA a polymer of?

A

Nucleotides

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16
Q

How is RNA different to DNA?

A
  • RNA is composed of a ribose sugar instead of a deoxyribose sugar
  • RNA also has uracil which replaces thymine as a base.
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17
Q

How is DNA stored in the form of chromosomes?

A

DNA is stored, in conjunction with histone proteins, in the nucleus of the cell in the form of chromosomes.

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18
Q

The structure of DNA?

A

THRIVE IN PHYSIOLOGY page 3 Fig 1.3

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19
Q

What is the structure of an animal cell?

A

THRIVE IN PHYSIOLOGY page 4 Fig 1.4

20
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the basic building blocks of the human body.

21
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

All cells are bound by a plasma membrane. The membrane consists of lipids and proteins, and works to regulate the passage of material into and out of the cell.
Some substances can move across the membrane by simple diffusion (depending on their size and lipid solubility), whilst others need specialized energy consuming transport molecules.

22
Q

What is the structure and components of the plasma membrane?

A

THRIVE IN PHYSIOLOGY page 4 Fig 1.5

23
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus lies within the cytoplasm of the cell, and at its boundary is the nuclear membrane.
The nucleus contains the DNA of the cell, which in conjunction with histone proteins, forms chromosomes.

24
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria within the cytoplasm act as energy transducers. They do this by oxidizing glucose and fatty acids and in doing so produce Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the energy source which cells depend on.
The more active a cell is e.g. a muscle cell which has to contract, the greater number of mitochondria it has.

A transducer is a cell that transforms one type of input to another.

25
Q

What is the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

It has its appearance because it is associated with ribosomes.
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis within the cell.

26
Q

What is the function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is associated with the production of lipids.
It also acts as a reservoir for calcium.
Calcium is an important intracellular signalling molecule it can trigger physiological processes within the cell. E.G. contraction in the case of muscle cells.

27
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

It is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins after they have been synthesized.

28
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are membrane bound vesicles found in the cytoplasm.
They contain hydrolytic enzymes which are responsible for degradation and therefore contribute to the ‘recycling’ of for example components of the membrane.

29
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

It gives a cell its 3D structure.
Its made of 3 components: Actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules.

30
Q

What is special about the mitochondria DNA?

A

Mitochondria contain their own DNA and therefore undergo mitotic division. The DNA found inside mitochondria comes solely from the mother, unlike nuclear DNA which comes from both parents.

31
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Neural Tissue
  • Muscular tissue
32
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue is covering tissue
This may be the skin which protects us from the outside world or tissue which lines the gastrointestinal tract and airways.

33
Q

What specialized role might epithelia take on?

A
  • They may form glands such as sweat glands

Epithelia are generally located on top of a layer of connective tissue this provides structure and support.

34
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue acts to support other tissues, and to link tissues and cells together.
The most common form of connective tissue is loose connective tissue.
Within this are elastic and collagen fibres the latter providing strength and flexibility.
Other examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue and blood.

35
Q

What is muscular tissue?

A

It is specialized tissue that has the ability to contract. Therefore its principal role is that of movement.
There are several types of muscular tissue such as striated muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

36
Q

What is the role of striated muscle?

A

Striated muscle also plays a role in the generation of heat, this is important when body temperature drops and one response to this is shivering.

37
Q

What is neural tissue?

A

Neural tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells.
Neurons are the functional building blocks of the nervous system.
Glial cells ensure that neurons are able to work optimally.

38
Q

What are the 2 types of important cell types in loose connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast - secrete proteins
Macrophage - responsible for removal of debris and dead cells

39
Q

Different systems in the body

A
  • Integumentary
  • Cardiovascular
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Endocrine
  • Nervous
  • Reproductive
  • Renal
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Digestive
40
Q

What makes up the body?

A

At elemental level carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen make up some 97% of the human body with the remainder being from minerals such as sodium, calcium and potassium etc.

41
Q

How much of the body is water?

A

Approximately 60% of the total body weight of an average person is water. Females generally have a higher body fat so this figure drops to 50% - 55%.

42
Q

What is TBW

A

TBW is the total body water
This can be divided into ICF - intracellular fluid which is to do with inside the cells
And
Extracellular fluid - outside cell
It is termed fluids instead of water because it has solutes dissolved in it.
ECF may be further divided into blood plasma, transcellular fluid and interstitial fluid.

43
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood and is the fluid medium in which blood cells are suspended. Plasma accounts for about 8% of TBW.

44
Q

What is Interstitial fluid?

A

It is the fluid that surrounds each and every cell and accounts for about 25% of TBW

45
Q

What is transcellular fluid?

A

It is the fluid that is found in spaces such as the eye, ventricles of the brain, synovial joints etc. It accounts for about 2% TBW.

46
Q

How is the composition of ICF and ECF different?

A

This is achieved by the fact they are separated by the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane displays a different permeability to different substances.
The membrane also contains transport mechanisms which are capable of transporting substances across it, and selective ion channels, which allow the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other.

47
Q

REMEMBER POINT ECF IS NA+ RICH SOLOUTION
ICF IS K+ RICH SOLOUTION
ICF ALSO CONTAINS SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES OF PROTEIN

A

Physiological Systems (6 decks)

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