Structure and bonding

Question 1

Why does elements from group 3,4 and 5 not form ions easily?

Answer 1

Need to gain or lose a larger number of electrons which requires more energy

Question 2

How are ionic binds made?

Answer 2

• opposite charges
• attracted each other by electrostatic forces

Question 3

Giant ionic lattice

Answer 3

Each atom is attracted to all those around it

Question 4

Properties of ionic compunds

Answer 4

• high melting and boiling points
  
  • as there are a lot of ionic bonds that
    are really strong so it requires a lot
    of energy to break them
• conduct electricity (only when melted
  or dissolved in water

Question 5

Why cant ionic compounds conduct electricity when a solid?

Answer 5

Fixed structure so no charged particles can move

Question 6

How can ionic compounds when aqueous conduct electricy?

Answer 6

the charged ions are free to move about while carrying electric charge

Question 7

Hydroxide ion

Answer 7

OH-

Question 8

Sulfate ion

Answer 8

SO4-2

Question 9

nitrate ion

Answer 9

NO3-

Question 10

Carbonate ion

Answer 10

CO3-2

Question 11

Ammonium ion

Answer 11

NH4+

Question 12

ionic compound structue

Answer 12

• giant ionic lattice structure
• ions form a closely packed regular
  lattice arrangement
• held together by strong electrostatic
  forces of oppositely charged ions

Question 13

simple molecular substances

Answer 13

• atoms within the molecules are held
  together by very strong covalent
  bonds
• however forces of attraction between
  molecules are very weak (weak inter-
  molecular forces)

Question 14

What are some examples of simple molecular substances

Answer 14

• ammonia
• chlorine

Question 15

What are some examples of giant covalent structures

Answer 15

• diamond
• silicon dioxide
• graphite

Question 16

simple molecular substances properties

Answer 16

• low melting and boiling points
• gases and liquid and room temp
• as molecule gets bigger the strength of
  the inter molecular forces increases
  
  • so more energy is needed to break
    them
• dont conduct electricity because they
  arent charged
  
  • no delocalised electrons or ions

Question 17

Why does the boiling point increases as you go down the group (covalent bond)

Answer 17

The molecules get larger so there is more intermolecular forces between them

Question 19

Allotropes

Answer 19

Different structure form of the same element in the same physical state

Question 20

Allotropes of carbon

Answer 20

• diamond
• graphite
• fullerenes

Question 21

Giant Covent structure

Answer 21

Carbon arranged in regular repeating lattic

Question 22

Diamond

Answer 22

• cant conduct electricity
• high melting and boiling point
• each carbon atom is bonded to 4 other carbon atom
• regular 3D lattice very strong

Question 23

Graphite

Answer 23

• carbon atom bond to 3 other atoms
• softer
• 2D layers made up of repeating hexagon
• conduct electricity

Question 24

Fullerenes

Answer 24

Allotropes of carbon made by bending sheets of graphene into hollow structures

Question 25

Fullerenes uses

Answer 25

• deliver medicine around body
• catalysts in chemical reactions

Question 26

Why are fullerenes useful?

Answer 26

They have a high surface area to to volume ratio

Question 27

Alloys

Answer 27

Made up of different size of elements to have a stronger metal

Question 28

Harm of sunscreen

Answer 28

• they may renter cells damaging our DNA
• cause harm to oceanic environments

Question 29

Electrolysis

Answer 29

Separate the elements in insoluble ionic compounds