Structure and Bonding

Question 1

Explain how solids are arranged
Are they easy to compress,talk about space of particles.
2)Talk about shape why ?

Answer 1

1)Solids hard to compress because particles are packed together in regular pattern with almost no spaces in between
2)Have fixed shape ,can’t flow from place to place can only vibrate because particles can’t move

Question 2

Explain how liquids are arranged in terms of compression and shape

Answer 2

1)Extremely hard to compress as particles are close together with not many spaces in between
2)Take shape of a Container as they can flow from place to place ,

Question 3

Explain how gases are arranged in terms of compression why ? shape and why ?

Answer 3

1)Extremely easy to compress, particles in gases are widely spaced
2)Gases spread out and take space in the container because particles move quickly and randomly

Question 4

How do we Change the state of a substance ?
What happens when a solid changes into a liquid ?
Energy ?

Answer 4

By putting in or taking out energy
Solid to liquid is melting, which happens at melting point.
Particles will now have more kinetic energy because they are moving around.
We have put energy in

Question 5

What is the energy needed for ?
The stronger the forces of attraction results in ?

Answer 5

Needed to break forces of attraction between particles in a solid to a liquid.
More energy is needed to break these forces of attraction ,higher the melting point

Question 6

What happens if we convert liquid back into a solid ?
When does freezing happen?
liquid to gas ?
Strong forces of attraction ?
Gas to liquid ,takes place at temp

Answer 6

Freezing
Freezing takes place at temperature of the melting point
Boiling
High boiling point
Condensing ,temperature of boiling point

Question 7

Limitations of simple particle model ?
What is true about particles ?

Answer 7

1)Assumes all particles are solid spheres ,particles have lots of different shapes and they aren’t solid
2)Assumed there are no forces between particles ,forceshuge impact on melting and boiling points

Question 8

Why do elements react?
What is ionic bonding?
What is an ion
Describe what is happening between Na and Cl

Answer 8

To achieve a full outer shell
A metal reacting with a non-metal
An atom with an overall charge
One electron passes From the Sodium atom to the Chlorine atom ,Both atoms achieve a full outer shell

Question 9

What do Many ionic compounds form?
What are two properties of ionic compounds
Dimension?
Bonds act in what direction?

Answer 9

Many ionic compounds form crystals
1)form giant structures(ionic lattices ),Every positive ion is surrounded by negative ion,they are three dimensional
2) Very strong forces of attraction between positive and negative ion (electrostatic forces)
Electrostatic forces are called ionic bonds ,act in all directions

Question 10

First property of ions?
What do must particles do in order to change state ?
Second property?

Answer 10

Have high melting and boiling points because strong electrostatic forces require great deal of heat energy to break bonds
Particles need to vibrate with enough energy so electrostatic forces break and solid melts (high temps are needed )
Can’t conduct electricity when solid as ions can’t move ,can when melted or dissolved in water ,ions can move and carry charge
(IONS NOT ELECTRONS)

Question 11

What is covalent bonding?
How can covalent bond be represented ?3

Answer 11

Covalent bonding happens between two non metals
Can be represented using energy level diagram +dot and cross diagram +stick diagram

Question 12

Small covalent molecules
-boiling point ,what does this mean ?
exception
-explain how atoms are held together in each molecule
-What happens if the vibration is strong enough?
What happens as you increase the size of covalent molecule
Second property

Answer 12

1)have low melting and boiling points which means they are usually gas or liquid
The only covalent bond that is liquid at room temperature is water
Atoms in each molecule are held together by strong covalent bonds however there are week intermolecular forces .Vibration is strong enough to break weak intermolecular forces (boils )water is example
As you increase the size of covalent molecule the intermolecular force increases
2)Don’t conduct electricity as they don’t have an electric charge

Question 13

Giant covalent molecules properties

Answer 13

Always solids at room temperature,
have millions of strong covalent bonds ,
always have high melting and boiling point

Question 14

Diamond

Answer 14

Each carbon atom form four covalent bonds to four other carbon atoms

Answer 14

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