Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSAD [CELE APRIL 2025] > STRUCTURAL TERMS (OLD VERSION) > Flashcards

STRUCTURAL TERMS (OLD VERSION) Flashcards

identification

1
Q

_____ are caused by the direct contact of one body with the surface of another

A

surface forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

a _____ is developed when one body exerts a force on another body without direct physical contact between the bodies

A

body force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

all cross sections are the same throughout its length

A

prismatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

has the same physical and mechanical properties throughout its volume

A

homogeneous material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

has these same properties in all directions

A

isotropic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

reflect the probability that the total loading R will occur for all the events stated

A

load factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are determined from the probability of material failure as it relates to the material’s quality and the consistency of its strength

A

resistance factors (𝜙)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

if we select two line segments that are originally perpendicular to one another, then the change in angle that occurs between them is referred to as ____

A

shear strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a slight increase in stress above the elastic limit will result in a breakdown of the material and cause it to deform permanently

A

yielding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the stress that causes yielding is called the _____, 𝜎𝑌, and the deformation that occurs is called _____

A

yield stress or yield point; plastic deformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when yielding has ended, an increase in load can be supported by the specimen, resulting in a curve that rises continuously but becomes flatter until it reaches a maximum stress referred to as the ultimate stress

A

strain hardening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

up to the ultimate stress, as the specimen elongates, its cross-sectional area will decrease

A

necking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

any material that can be subjected to large strains before it fractures

A

ductile materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

materials that exhibit little or no yielding before failure

A

brittle materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

as a material is deformed by an external load, the load will do external work, which in turn will be stored in the material as internal energy; this energy is related to the strains in the material, and so it is referred to as _____

A

strain energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when the stress reaches the proportional limit, the strain-energy density is referred to as the _____

A

modulus of resilience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

this quantity represents the entire area under the stress-strain diagram, and therefore it indicates the maximum amount of strain-energy the material can absorb just before it fractures

A

modulus of toughness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the ratio of modulus of toughness to the modulus of resilience

A

ductility factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when a material has to support a load for a very long period of time, it may continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs or its usefulness is impaired

A

creep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when a metal is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain, it causes its structure to break down, ultimately leading to fracture

A

fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

a condition where a material break down and deforms permanently even due to a slight increase in stress above the elastic limit

A

plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when the plastic moment is removed from the beam then it will cause _____ to be developed in the beam

A

residual stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

members that are slender and support loadings that are applied perpendicular to their longitudinal axis

A

beam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the change in volume per unit volume is called the “volumetric strain” or the _____

A

dilatation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
it occurs when a building period coincides with the earthquake period
resonance
26
occurs when the structures center of mass does not coincide with the center of rigidity
torsional shear stress
27
measured by a seismometer
ground displacement
28
reciprocal of deflection
rigidity of structure
29
it is the space between two adjacent floors
story
30
rigid horizontal planes used to transfer lateral forces to vertical resisting elements
diaphragms
31
wall designed to resist lateral forces acting on its own plane, typically wind and seismic loads
shear wall
32
it is the point where the object "suffers" no torque by the effect of the gravitational force acted upon it
center of gravity
33
it is point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts
center of rigidity
34
it is point through which the applied seismic force acts
center of mass
35
it is the distance between the center of rigidity and center of mass
eccentricity
36
it is the total design lateral force
design seismic base shear
37
inverse of stiffness
flexibility of a structure
38
it is the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below
story drift
39
lateral displacement of the story relative to the base
story displacement
40
rate at which natural vibration is absorbed
damping
41
instrument use to measure the peak ground acceleration, which is one of the most important characteristics of an earthquake
seismometer
42
instrument use to measure the strain of rock under pressure
magnetometer
43
the originating earthquake source of the elastic waves inside the earth which cause shaking of ground due to earthquake
focus (hypocenter)
44
the point on the earth's surface directly above the focus
epicenter
45
story drift divided by the story height
story drift ratio
46
a measure of the strength of shaking during earthquake
intensity
47
a measure of energy released in an earthquake
magnitude
48
is a state in saturated cohesionless soil wherein the effective shear strength is reduced to negligible value
liquefaction
49
is an oscillatory, sometimes violent movement of the ground's surface that follows release of energy in the earth's crust
earthquake
50
the sideways deflection of a building due to lateral (sideways) loads
shear drift
51
the sideways deflection of axial (vertical) loads
chord drift
52
a _____ is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of that in the storey above or less than 80 percent of the average stiffness of the three stories above
stiffness irregularity - soft storey
53
it shall be considered to exist where the effective mass of any storey is more than 150% of the effective mass of an adjacent storey; a roof that is lighter than the floor below need not be considered
weight (mass) irregularity
54
it shall be considered to exist where the horizontal dimension of the lateral-force-resisting system in any storey is more than 130% of that in an adjacent storey; one-storey penthouses need not be considered
vertical geometric irregularity
55
an in-plane offset of the lateral-load-resisting elements greater than the length of those elements
in-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral-force-resisting element irregularity
56
a weak storey is one in which the storey strength is less than 80% of that in the storey above; the storey strength is the total strength of all seismic-resisting elements sharing the storey for the direction under consideration
discontinuity in capacity - weak storey irregularity
57
shall be considered to exist when the maximum storey drift, computed including accidental torsion, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the storey drifts of the two ends of the structure
torsional irregularity
58
plan configurations of a structure and its lateral-force-resisting system contain re-entrant corners, where both projections of the structure beyond a re-entrant corner are greater than 15% of the plan dimension of the structure in the given direction
re-entrant corner irregularity
59
diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having cutout or open areas greater than 50% of the gross enclosed area of the diaphragm, or changes in effective diaphragm stiffness of more than 50% from one story to the next
diaphragm discontinuity irregularity
60
discontinuities in a lateral force path, such as out-of-plane offsets of the vertical elements
out of plane offsets irregularity
61
the vertical lateral-load-resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about the major orthogonal axes of the lateral force-resisting systems
non-parallel systems irregularity
62
is the force which determines whether the body will be in equilibrium or will have a varying state of motion
resultant
63
the principle used in equations related to the deformation of axially loaded material: that the stress is proportional to the strain within the elastic region
Hooke's law
64
the ratio of the lateral to the longitudinal strain is constant
Poisson's ratio
65
it is the constant of proportionality that defines the linear relationship
Young's modulus
66
a structural member that has the ratio of its unsupported height to its least lateral dimension of not less than 3 and is used primarily to support axial load
column
67
retarding force acting opposite of body in motion
kinetic friction
68
it is the term for the value beyond which the stress is no longer proportional to the strain
proportional limit
69
materials which have the same composition/compression at any point
homogeneous
70
material has the same elastic properties in all directions
homogeneous
71
property of a material enables it to under large permanent strains before failure
ductility
72
ability of a material to deform/ defuse in the plastic range without breaking (2013 & 2016)
ductility
73
it is described herein stressing high strength steel wires before concrete hardens
pre-tensioning
74
it is described herein stressing high strength steel after the concrete has been cast and has attained sufficient strength
post-tensioning
75
is described herein loss of stress that takes place with the passage of time as concrete is held at a constant strain
relaxation
76
ability of a material to absorb energy in the elastic range
resilience / modulus of resilience
77
ability of a material to absorb energy in the plastic range or fracture point (2016)
toughness / modulus of toughness
78
property of a material which makes it return to its original dimension when the load is removed
elasticity
79
it is the point through which the resultant of the resistance to the applied lateral force acts (2018)
center of rigidity
80
it is the distance between the center of rigidity and center of mass
eccentricity
81
one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness of the story above is called _____
soft story
82
a lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or below is called _____
story drift
83
is best described as "a sudden drop in the shear strength of a soil"
liquefaction
84
it refers to the rigidity of a structure
reciprocal of deflection
85
it is the point through which the applied seismic force acts
center of mass
86
refers to flexibility of structure
reciprocal of stiffness
87
the material has the same composition at every point but the elastic may not be the same in all directions
orthotropic
88
the composite material exhibits elastic properties in one direction different from that in the perpendicular direction
orthotropic
89
besides the epicenter, it describes the location of the earthquake
focal depth
90
it is measured by a seismometer
actual displacement or seismic / earthquake waves
91
it is measured by the Richter scale
magnitude of earthquake
92
the material is subjected to repeated cycles of stress or strain, it causes the structure to breakdown ultimately leading to fracture
fatigue
93
when a material has to support a load for a long period of time, what causes it to continue to deform until a sudden fracture occurs
creep
94
condition of a material when it breaks down and deforms permanently even due to a slight increase in stress above the elastic limit
plasticity
95
it occurs when a building period coincides with the earthquake period
resonance
96
it occurs when the structure's center of mass does not coincide with its center of rigidity
torsion / torsional shear stress
97
the greatest stress a material is capable of developing without deviation from straight line proportionality between strain and stress
proportional limit
98
the greatest stress a material is capable of developing without a permanent elongation remaining upon complete unloading of the specimen
elastic limit
99
slope of the straight line portion of the curve or the ratio of stress over the strain
modulus of elasticity
100
the ability of a material to deform in the plastic range without breakage or the ability to undergo considerable plastic deformation under tensile load before actual rupture
ductility
101
property of a material where if the specimen be unloaded, it will not return to its original length, rather it will retain a permanent elongation sometimes called a permanent set
plasticity
102
the stress at which there occurs a marked increase in strain without an increase in stress
yield stress
103
the maximum stress a material is capable of developing
ultimate stress
104
the stress at which the specimen actually breaks
rupture strength
105
the property of a material to withstand high stress without great strain
stiffness
106
implies the absence of any plastic deformation prior to failure
brittleness
107
the property of a material enabling it to undergo considerable plastic deformation under compressive load before actual rupture
malleability
108
the property of a material enabling it to endure high-impact loads or shock loads
toughness
109
the property of a material enabling high impact loads without inducing a stress in excess of the elastic limit
resilience
110
ratio of the failure stress to the allowable stress
factor of safety (F.S.)
111
the condition that renders the load resisting member unfit for resisting further increase in loads
failure
112
the tensile stress that develops on the diagonals surface
diagonal tension
113
the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain for an unrestrained member
Poisson's ratio
114
change of volume per unit volume
dilatation
115
is one having a relatively small tensile strain up to the point of rupture
ductile material "e"
116
the rate of change of stress with respect to strain
tangent modulus
117
the ratio of the ultimate or tensile strength to specific weight that is the weight per unit volume
specific strength
118
ratio of the Youngs modulus to the specific weight
specific modulus
119
one having the same elastic properties in all directions at any one point of the body
isotropic material
120
is a ground mounted-device which measures the actual displacement of the ground with respect to a stationary reference point
seismograph
121
it is the oldest useful measure of an earthquake's strength which is based on the damage and other observed effects on people, buildings and other features
intensity
122
forces generated by a body in motion
dynamic

PSAD [CELE APRIL 2025] (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions