STRUCTURAL TERMS

Question 1

are caused by the direct
contact of one body with the surface of
another.

Answer 1

Surface forces

Question 2

is developed when one body
exerts a force on another body without
direct physical contact between the
bodies.

Answer 2

body force

Question 3

All cross sections are the
same throughout its length.

Answer 3

Prismatic

Question 4

has the same
physical and mechanical properties
throughout its volume.

Answer 4

Homogeneous

Question 5

has these same
properties
in all directions.

Answer 5

Isotropic

Question 6

reflect the probability
that the total loading R will occur for
all the events stated.

Answer 6

Load Factors

Question 7

are determined
from the probability of material
failure as it relates to the material’s
quality and the consistency of its
strength.d.

Answer 7

Load Factors

Question 8

When the stress
reaches the proportional limit, the
strain-energy density is referred to as
the _______

Answer 8

Modulus of Resilience.

Question 9

This quantity
represents the entire area under the
stress–strain diagram, and therefore it

indicates the maximum amount of strain-
energy the material can absorb just

before it fractures.

Answer 9

Modulus of Toughness.

Question 10

The ratio of modulus
of toughness to the
modulus of resilience.

Answer 10

Ductility Factor.

Question 11

When a material has to support
a load for a very long period of time,
it may continue to deform until a
sudden fracture occurs or its
usefulness is impaired.

Answer 11

Creep

Question 12

When a metal is subjected to
repeated cycles of stress or strain, it
causes its structure to break down,
ultimately leading to fracture.

Answer 12

Fatigue

Question 13

A condition where a
material break down and deforms
permanently even due to a slight
increase in stress above the elastic
limit.

Answer 13

Plasticity

Question 14

When the plastic
moment is removed from the beam then it
will cause ________ to be
developed in the beam.

Answer 14

Residual Stress

Question 15

The change in volume per
unit volume is called the “volumetric
strain” or _________.

Answer 15

Dilatation

Question 16

It occurs when a building
period coincides with the earthquake
period.

Answer 16

Resonance

Question 17

Rigid horizontal planes
used to transfer lateral forces to
vertical resisting elements.

Answer 17

Diaphragms

Question 18

Wall designed to resist
lateral forces acting on its own plane,
typically wind and seismic loads.

Answer 18

Shear wall

Question 19

Instrument use to measure
the strain of rock under pressure.

Answer 19

Magnetometer

Question 20

The originating
earthquake source of the elastic waves
inside the earth which cause shaking of
ground due to earthquake.

Answer 20

Focus (Hypocenter)

Question 21

The sideways deflection of
axial (vertical) loads.

Answer 21

Chord Drift

Question 22

is one in which the
lateral stiffness is less than 70 % of
that in the storey above or less than
80 percent of the average stiffness of
the three stories above.

Answer 22

Stiffness Irregularity – Soft
Storey

Question 23

shall be
considered to exist where the
effective mass of any storey is more
than 150 % of the effective mass of an
adjacent storey. A roof that is
lighter than the floor below need not
be considered.

Answer 23

Weight (Mass) Irregularity

Question 24

shall be considered to exist where the

horizontal dimension of the lateral-
force-resisting system in any storey

is more than 130 % of that in an adjacent storey. One-storey
penthouses need not be considered.

Answer 24

Vertical Geometric Irregularity

Question 25

-An in-plane offset of the lateral-
load-resisting elements greater than

the length of those elements.

Answer 25

In-Plane Discontinuity In
Vertical Lateral-Force-Resisting
Element Irregularity

Question 26

is one in which the
storey strength is less than 80 % of
that in the storey above. The storey
strength is the total strength of all
seismic-resisting elements sharing
the storey for the direction under
consideration.

Answer 26

Discontinuity In Capacity – Weak
Storey Irregularity

Question 27

-Shall be considered to exist when the
maximum storey drift, computed
including accidental torsion, at one
end of the structure transverse to an
axis is more than 1.2 times the
average of the storey drifts of the
two ends of the structure.

Answer 27

Torsional irregularity

Question 28

Plan configurations of a structure and
its lateral-force-resisting system
contain re-entrant corners, where
both projections of the structure
beyond a re-entrant corner are greater
than 15 % of the plan dimension of the
structure in the given direction.

Answer 28

Re-Entrant Corner Irregularity

Question 29

Diaphragms with abrupt
discontinuities or variations in
stiffness, including those having
cutout or open areas greater than 50 %
of the gross enclosed area of the
diaphragm, or changes in effective
diaphragm stiffness of more than 50 %
from one story to the next.

Answer 29

Diaphragm Discontinuity
Irregularity

Question 30

Discontinuities in a lateral force
path, such as out-of-plane offsets of
the vertical elements

Answer 30

Out of Plane Offsets Irregularity

Question 31

The vertical lateral-load-resisting
elements are not parallel to or
symmetric about the major orthogonal
axes of the lateral force-resisting
systems.

Answer 31

Non-Parallel Systems Irregularity

Question 32

Is the force which determines
whether the body will be in
Equilibrium or will have a varying
state of motion

Answer 32

Resultant

Question 33

The principle used in equations
related to the deformation of axially
loaded material.
- That the stress is proportional to
the strain within the elastic
region.

Answer 33

Hooke’s Law

Question 34

The ratio of the lateral to
the longitudinal strain is
constant.

Answer 34

Poisson’s Ratio

Question 35

It is the constant of
proportionality that defines the
linear relationship between stress
and strain.

Answer 35

Young’s Modulus

Question 36

• A structural member that has the
  ratio of its unsupported height to
  its least lateral dimension of not
  less than 3 and is used primarily to
  support axial load.

Answer 36

Column

Question 37

• Retarding force acting opposite
  of body in motion.

Answer 37

Kinetic Friction

Question 38

It is the term for the value
beyond which the stress is no
longer proportional to the strain.

Answer 38

Proportional Limit

Question 39

Property of a material enables it
to under large permanent strains
before failure.

Answer 39

Ductility

Question 40

Is described herein loss of
stress that takes place with the
passage of time as concrete is
held at a constant strain.

Answer 40

Relaxation

Question 41

The property of a material
enabling it to undergo
considerable plastic
deformation under compressive
load before actual rupture.

Answer 41

Malleability

Question 42

The condition that renders the
load resisting member unfit for
resisting further increase in
loads.

Answer 42

Failure

Question 43

The tensile stress that develops
on the diagonals surface.

Answer 43

Diagonal tension

Question 44

The ratio of lateral strain to
axial strain for an unrestrained
member.

Answer 44

Poisson’s ratio

Question 45

The ratio of the ultimate or
tensile strength to specific
weight that is the weight per
unit volume.

Answer 45

Specific strength

Question 46

Ratio of the Youngs modulus to
the specific weight.

Answer 46

Specific modulus

Question 47

One having the same elastic
properties in all directions at
any one point of the body.

Answer 47

Isotropic material

Question 48

Is a ground mounted – device
which measures the actual
displacement of the ground with
respect to a stationary
reference point.

Answer 48

Seismograph

Question 49

It is the oldest useful measure
of an earthquake’s strength
which is based on the damage
and other observed effects on
people, buildings and other
features.

Answer 49

Intensity

Question 50

Forces generated by a body in
motion.

Answer 50

Dynamic