CONSTRUCTION TERMS Flashcards by Nhel Harold Niegas

It may refer to
the contractual arrangement under which
a firm supplies construction management
services to an owner.

Construction Management

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includes such
activities as specification
development, process control, product
acceptance, laboratory and technician
certification, training, and
communication.

Quality management

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is primarily
concerned with the process control
function.

Quality control (QC)

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is the process of moving
soil or rock from one location to
another and processing it so that it
meets construction requirements of
location, elevation, density, moisture
content, and so on.

Earthmoving

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is the ability of a
soil to support the weight of vehicles
under repeated traffic.

Trafficability

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is a measure of the
difficulty in excavating and loading a
soil.

Loadability

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is the bucket
volume contained within the bucket when
following the outline of the bucket
sides.

Plate line capacity

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is the bucket capacity
when the load is struck off flush with
the bucket sides.

Struck capacity

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assumes a level of
material flush with the lowest edge of
the bucket.

Water line capacity

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is the maximum volume
that can be placed in the bucket
without spillage based on a specified
angle of repose for the material in the
bucket.

Heaped volume

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is a very versatile
machine that has the longest reach for
digging and dumping of any member of
the crane shovel family.

dragline

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are primarily used for lifting,
lowering, and transporting loads. They
move loads horizontally by swinging or
traveling

Cranes

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represents that
component of vehicle weight which acts
parallel to an inclined surface.

Grade resistance

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is primarily due to
tire flexing and penetration of the
travel surface

Rolling resistance

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represents those components
of cycle time other than travel time.

Fixed time

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represents the travel
time required for a unit to haul
material to the unloading site and
return

Variable time

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is the process of increasing
the density of a soil by mechanically
forcing the soil particles closer
together, thereby expelling air from
the void spaces in the soil.

Compaction

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is the process of bringing
earthwork to the desired shape and
elevation (or grade).

Grading

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involves smoothing slopes, shaping
ditches, and bringing the earthwork to
the elevation required by the plans and
specification.

Finish grading

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is concrete used in a
structure such as a dam in which the
weight of the concrete provides most of
the strength of the structure.

Mass concrete

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is concrete that is
suitable for high temperature
applications such as boilers and
furnaces.

Refractory concrete

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is concrete that has
been cast into the desired shape prior
to placement in a structure.

Precast concrete

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is concrete that
will be exposed to view and therefore
utilizes special shapes, designs, or
surface finishes to achieve the desired
architectural effect.

Architectural concrete

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is a general-purpose cement suitable for all normal
applications.

Type I (normal) portland cement

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provides better resistance to alkali attack and produces less heat of hydration than does Type I cement.

Type II (modified/moderate) portland cement

provides 190% of Type I strength after 1 day of curing. It also produces about 150% of the heat of hydration of normal cement during the first 7 days.

Type III (high early strength) cement

produces only 40–60% of the heat produced by Type I cement during the first 7 days. However, its strength is only 55% of that of normal cement after 7 days.

Type IV (low heat) cement

provides maximum resistance to alkali attack.

Type V (sulfate-resistant) cement

is used in concrete to reduce the cost of the mix and to reduce shrinkage.

Aggregate

is required in the concrete mix for several purposes. Principal among these is to provide the moisture required for hydration of the cement to take place.

Water

is the chemical reaction between cement and water which produces hardened cement. The heat that is produced by this reaction is referred to as heat of hydration.

Hydration

normally used range from about 0.40 to 0.70 by weight.

Water/cement ratios

has significantly increased resistance to freezing and thawing as well as to scaling caused by the use of deicing chemicals.

Air-entrained concrete

increase the slump or workability of a concrete mix. Thus, with a water-reducing agent the amount of water in the mix may be reduced without changing the concrete’s consistency.

Water-reducing agents

slow the rate of hardening of concrete.

Retarders

act in the opposite manner to retarders. That is, they decrease setting time and increase the early strength of concrete.

Accelerators

are used to reduce the heat of hydration, increase the workability, and reduce the segregation of a mix.

Pozzolans

increase the workability of a mix.

Workability agents or plasticizers

are truck-mounted concrete mixers capable of mixing and transporting concrete. The product they deliver is referred to as ready-mixed concrete.

Truck mixers or transit mix trucks

consists of gravel, crushed stone, or another suitable material larger than 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) in diameter.

Coarse aggregate

are materials other than portland cement, aggregates, and water that are added to concrete either immediately before or during its mixing to alter the properties of the concrete in a variety of ways. For example, they can be used to: * Improve workability * Reduce separation of coarse and fine aggregates due to settling out of the heavier coarse aggregate * Entrain air * Accelerate or retard setting and hardening

Admixtures

permit a lower water content, improve workability, and increase the efficiency of the portland cement in a mix, which lowers a concrete's cost relative to its performance.

Water-reducing admixtures

are mostly used in concrete that is to be pumped. They produce a mix that flows easily, with no increase in its water content.

High-range water-reducing admixtures (super plasticizers)

admixtures that have a retarding effect on the set of portland cement overcome the accelerating effect that temperature has on setting during hot weather and in large masses of concrete, and delay the early stiffening of concrete placed under difficult conditions.

Retarders

are made by building a large section of form, as described earlier for centering, and supporting the entire section on deep steel trusses.

Flying forms

is a method of continuously moving a form for vertical structures, such as elevator or stair shafts, upward on jacks as new concrete is placed on top of the old.

Slip forming

are rubber or vinyl inserts designed to be placed in concrete joints to prevent water from penetrating the joint.

Waterstops

are often necessary to separate concrete sections and prevent the bonding of one concrete section with another, or to separate a concrete section from another material or structural part so that one can move independently of the other.

Isolation and separation joints

is one that is readily molded and yet will change its form only slowly if the mold is removed.

plastic concrete

is pneumatically placed concrete, used primarily for swimming pools and other in-ground and aboveground free-form structures and for repairing damaged concrete.

Shotcrete

is the bringing of a concrete surface to true grade with enough mortar to produce the desired finish.

Leveling

rounds off the formed edge of a slab to prevent chipping or damage.

Edging

Except when joints will be later sawed, immediately following or during edging, premolded inserts are placed in concrete slabs to control cracking in the concrete as a result of shrinkage.

Jointing

Steel-troweled concrete surfaces are very smooth and become slippery when wet. They can be slightly roughened to produce a nonslip surface by brushing or brooming them.

Broom Finishing

is the breaking away of the hardened concrete surface of a slab to a depth of about 1/6 to 3/16 in. (1.6 to 4.8 mm). It usually occurs at an early age of the slab.

Scaling

is the occurrence of numerous fine hair cracks in the surface of a newly hardened slab due to surface shrinkage.

Crazing

is the appearance of a powdery material on the surface of a newly hardened concrete slab.

Dusting

which is liquid at room temperature, is created when petroleum distillates are mixed with asphalt cement.

Asphalt cutback,

contain particles of asphalt dispersed in water by means of emulsifying agents.

Asphalt emulsions

is the temperature at which it produces sufficient vapor to ignite in the presence of air and an open flame.

flash point

is a substance applied to an unpaved surface to reduce the amount of dust produced by vehicular traffic and wind.

dust palliative

is a light application of a slow-setting asphalt emulsion diluted by one to three parts of water.

fog seal

is composed of a mixture of slow-setting asphalt emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water.

sand seal

is composed of a light application of a medium-viscosity liquid asphalt covered with fine aggregates.

sand seal

consists of the demolition of old pavement, recrushing of the pavement material, and reusing it in new asphalt or concrete mixes.

Recycling

of a structure supports the weight of the structure and its applied loads.

foundation

is nothing more than sheeting placed horizontally.

Lagging

is sheeting of concrete, steel, or timber that is designed to be driven by a pile driver.

Sheet piling

are wellpoints that are sealed at the surface by placing a ring of bentonite or clay around the well casing.

Vacuum wells

is the process of accelerating the flow of water through a soil by the application of a direct current.

Electroosmosis

is the process of injecting a grouting agent into soil or rock to increase its strength or stability, protect foundations, or reduce groundwater flow.

Grouting or pressure grouting

Slabs may be supported directly by columns without the use of beams or joists.

Flat Slabs.

uses only stretcher courses with head joints centered over stretchers in the course below.

Running bond

uses a header course repeated at regular intervals; usually every fifth, sixth, or seventh course.

Common bond

alternates stretchers and headers in each course with headers centered over stretchers in the course below.

Flemish bond

is made up of alternate courses of headers and stretchers, with headers centered on stretchers.

English bond

provides no interlocking between adjacent masonry units and is used for its architectural effect.

Stack bond

in masonry walls are used to permit differential movement of wall sections caused by shrinkage of concrete foundations and floor slabs, temperature and moisture changes, and foundation settlement.

Expansion or control joints

consists of layers of impervious material used to seal out moisture or to direct any moisture that does penetrate back to the outside.

Flashing

guarantees completion of the project as described in the contract documents.

performance bond

guarantees that a contractor will provide the required performance and payment bonds if awarded the contract.

payment bond

guarantees the payment of subcontractors, laborers, and suppliers by the contractor.

payment bond

are contracts between a prime contractor and secondary contractors or suppliers.

Subcontracts

is one negotiated between an owner and a construction firm.

negotiated contract,

provides a specified payment for completion of the work described in the contract documents.

Lump-sum contract

specify the amount to be paid for each unit of work but not the total contract amount.

Unit-price contracts

contain a provision whereby the contract value is adjusted according to a specified price index.

Fixed price with escalation contracts

of cost contract pays the contractor a fee that is a percentage of the project’s actual cost.

cost plus percentage

contain those contract provisions applicable to most construction contracts written by the owner.

General Conditions

contain any additional contract provisions applicable to the specific project.

Special Conditions

is the analysis of a design with the objective of accomplishing the required function at a lower cost.

Value engineering

in the contract may be used to simplify the process of establishing the amount of damages resulting from late completion.

liquidated damages clause

are drawings, charts, and other data prepared by a contractor or supplier which describe the detailed characteristics of equipment or show how specific structural elements or items of equipment are to be fabricated and installed.

Shop drawings

The usual construction contract contains a clause authorizing the owner or owner’s representative to order changes to the project within the general scope of the contract. The document directing such a change is referred to as a

change order.

is a request by the contractor for a time extension or for additional payment based on the occurrence of an event beyond the contractor’s control that has not been covered by a change order.

claim

are disagreements between the contractor and owner over some aspect of contract performance.

Disputes

presents a database that includes design data, drawings, specifications, materials and systems parameters, and life cycle data, for all the various disciplines involved in a project and relates those data to each other and to the project as a whole to present an overall view of the project.

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

is a process whereby an architect engaged by an owner, and the architect's consultants, prepare negotiation documents.

Negotiation