structural organization

Question 1

respiratory system

COCKROACH
pathway

FROG
land
water
tadpole
aestivation hibernation

Answer 1

COCKROACH
tracheal system

> air enters thru SPIRACLES
-10 pairs lateral side of body
- SPHINCTERS regulate opening and closing
trachea
-has rings ( cuticular)
tracheoles
- simple diffusion into tissues

FROG
LAND
cutaneous
pulmonary - pink paired lungs in upper trunk
buccopharyngeal

WATER
cutaneous

AESTIVATION+ HIBERNATION
cutaneous resp

TADPOLE
brachial - gills

Question 2

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

COCKROACH
>types of circulatory sys
>blood is known as ______ due to
>blood present in open spaces known as
> blood cells known as
> is plasma present?
> well developed blood vessels?

> diaphragm
- nature
-divides the body into ____ sinus which are

> no.of chambers in heart
location of heart
openings on side of heart
fan shaped muscle
- name
- location
- number
- function

> blood pathway

FROG
> type
> well developed?
>blood components
> rbc nature

> no.of chambers in heart
location of heart
is it muscular
name of circulation
2 additional chambers
- name
-location
-shape
outer covering of heart

> path way

> special portal circulation
cap-vein-cap

> other fluid used for circulation
-colour
-components
- parts

Answer 2

COCKROACH
>open - no capillaries
>haemolymph cuz no Hb
>haemocoel/ sinus
> haemocytes / haematocytes
> yes
> no

> diaphragm
- porous
- 3 sinus (ventral to dorsal)
perineural
perivisceral
pericardial

> 13
mid line of thorax and abdomen
ostia
fan shaped muscle
- alary muscle
- between chambers
- 12
- regulates opening and closing of ostia

> pericardial> ostia> heart > 1st chamber >anterior aorta> cephalic sinus>

perineural>pores of diaphragm > perivisceral > pores of diaphragm > pericardial

FROG
> closed
> yes
> plasma + blood cells+ platelets
blood cells - RBC WBC
>
- nucleated
-Hb
> 3
> upper trunk
>yes
> incomplete double circulation /mixed circulation
> 2 additional chambers
- sinus venosus
-dorsal to RA
-triangular

-conus / truncus arteriosus
-ventral to ventricle
-sac like
prevents backflow
>pericardium

> veinous system > sinus venosus>ra> ventricle

lungs> pulmonary veins> LA >ventricle>conus arteriosus > atrial sys

> special portal circulation
1renal
lower body parts > renal portal vein> kidney

2 hepatic
GIT>hepatic portal vein > liver

> lymph
- colorless
- only wbc no rbc less proteins
- lymph channels + lymph nodes

Question 3

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

COCKROACH
> by
> features of excretory unit
>other structures apart from the main one present for excretion
- structure only in male

> type of secretion of nitrogenous waste
excretory product present
pathway
what happens in malpighian tubule

FROGS
> mesonephric/ metanephric
> structures present
> kidney
- colour
- location
- functional unit
> excretory product
> bladder
- feature
- location
> fat bodies
- location
- function

Answer 3

COCKROACH
> malpighian tubule
> glandular + ciliated
>
- fat bodies
- nephrocytes
- structure only in male : urecose gland

> uricotelic - uric acid
potassium urate
malpighian tubule>hind gut> anus along w faecal matter
salts of uric acid converted to uric acid

FROGS
> mesonephric
>
- kidney
- uretes ( urino genital duct in M)
- urinary bladder
- cloaca
> kidney
- dark red
- posterior on either sides of VC
- nephrons
> ureotelic - urea
> bladder
- thin walled
- ventral to rectum
> fat bodies
- over the kidneys
- shock absorption

Question 4

CONTROL AND COORDINATION

COCKROACH
NERVOUS SYSTEM
> consists of
> arrangement
> no.of structures in
- thorax
- abdomen
> how much of the nervous system held in the head
> NS is ventral or dorsal
>what is ganglion
> ganglion present in the head or supplying to head region acting as brain
- function
>ganglion supplying to rest of body
> nature of nerve cord
> how long can a cockroach survive without its head and why does it die

FROG
NEURAL SYSTEM
> division
> no.of pairs of
- spinal nerves
- cranial nerves
> brain division
- what each part comprises
- medulla passes through an opening called ______ to connect to spinal cord

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
> comprises of what glands

Answer 4

COCKROACH
NERVOUS SYSTEM
>series of fused ganglia
> segmentally arranged
> no.of structures in
- thorax - 3
- abdomen - 6
> small part
> NS is ventral
>fusion of cell bodies
> supra oesophageal ganglion
-controls antennae and compound eyes
> sub oesophageal ganglion
> double ventral solid
> 1 week

FROG
NEURAL SYSTEM
>
CNS
brain + spinal cord

PNS
autonomic ( sympathetic + parasymp)
somatic

> 10 pairs
10 pairs

> fore brain : paired cerebral hemispheres
unpaired diencephalon
paired olfactory lobes

mid brain: optic lobes

hind brain: cerebellum + medulla

-foramen magnum

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
>
pituitary
pineal
thymus
thyroid
parathyroid
pancreatic islets
adrenal
gonads - testes + ovary

Question 5

SENSORY STRUCTURES

COCKROACH
> 5 structures
> eyes
-type
- each eye consists_____ hexagonal structures known as________
- type of vision
- resolution
- sensitivity

FROG
> structures which are cellular aggregations around nerve endings
> structures well developed and organized

Answer 5

COCKROACH
>
antennae
eyes
maxillary palps
labial palps
anal cerci
> eyes
-compound
- each eye consists 2000 hexagonal structures known as ommatidia
- mosaic
- low
- high

FROG
>
sensory papillae - touch
taste buds - taste
nasal epithelium - olfaction

> eyes - simple - in orbit
tympanum - internal ears - hearing + balance

Question 6

COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

> cell nature
nucleus
location
1 simple - secretion
2 brush bordered - absorption - microvilli
3 ciliated - movement cilia

Answer 6

> tall / slender/ elongated
basal + oval
location
1
-GIT glands
-stomach
2
- small intestine
3
-fallopian tube
- large bronchiole

Question 7

pseudostratified

> appears to be multi layered but is single layered due to
1 non ciliated
2 ciliated

Answer 7

> unequal sizes of cells

1
urethra
epididymis

2
trachea
large bronchi

Question 8

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

> cells
division on the basis of number of cells
and location

> division on the basis of presence and absence of duct
and location

Answer 8

> cuboidal / columnar1 unicellular
- goblet cells - mucus ( modified columnar)

2 multicellular
- salivary glands
- sweat glands

> 1 endocrine

2 exocrine
salivary
sweat

3 heterocrine
pancreas
testes
ovary

Question 9

COMPOUND EPITHELIUM

-no.of layers
- function
1 non stretchable
> stratification
> division
2 stretchable
> stratification
> reason for stretchability
> location

Answer 9

• multi layered
• protection - less of secretion and absorption

1 stratified
> basement membrane
columnar cells
polygonal cells
top layer varies

A STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

a keratinized - protein deposit
SKIN

b non keratinized
buccal cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
vagina - (cervix)

B STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
large ducts of glands
pancreatic duct
parotid gland / salivary gland duct

C STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
between rectum and anus

2 TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
deepest layer - cuboidal
top layer - no fixed shape
reason for stretchability

urinary bladder urothelium
ureter