Neural Control And Coordination Flashcards
neural coordination
endocrine coordination
- things that help coordination
- mode of communication
-commutication is ________
neurons / glands
neurotransmitters/ hormones
fast and short living / slow long lasting
neuron and neuroglial
-excitation
- function
packaging by _______ made of _____
types
excitable/ non excitable
conduction and unit of NS/ support and packaging of neurons
myelin sheath , lipids
> on cns axons - made by oligodendrocytes
> pns axons - by schwaan cells
myelinated neurons
> structure
>most commonly found in
unmyelinated neurons
> myelin sheath not continuous , disrupted by node of ranvier
CNS
Types of neurons on the basis of axon and dendrites
1.unipolar
1 axon
0 dendrites
Embryonic life
- Bipolar
1 axon
1 dendrite
Retina + olfactory epithelium
3.multipolar
1 axon
Multiple dendrite
Cerebral cortex
- Apolar:
absence of polarity
primitive neurons
Hydra
5.pseudounipolar
tries to be unipolar but from same pole branches in dendrite and axon
DORSAL ROOT OF GANGLION(spinalchord)
CNS division
PNS division
cns
>brain
>spinal cord
pns
> nerve fibres ( axon)
-afferent/ sensory organ to cns
-efferent/ motor cns to effector
a. somatic NS nerve fibres carry info to voluntary parts: skeletal muscles
b.autonomic NS carry info to smooth muscles
>sympathetic emergency situation
>parasympathetic normal/rest
COLLECTION OF CELL BODY IN
>cns
>pns
collection of axon
>cns
>pns
plexus of neurons meaning?
> nuclei
ganglion
> tract
nerve fibre
network of neurons
BRAIN
protected inside____aka_____
divided into 3 parts
further divisions
protective covering around brain
cranium / brain box
fore brain
>cerebrum
> thalamus dien
>epithalamus dien
> hypothalamus dien
>hippocampus
> amygdala
>olfactory lobes
mid brain
hind brain
> cerebellum
> pons
> medulla
meninges
1 dura mater tough fibrous
——subdural space——-
2 arachnoid webbed
——sub arachnoid——-has CSF
3 pia mater in contact w brain
CEREBRUM
1 no.of cerebral hemisphere (has longitudinal cleft)
2 hemispheres connected via tract of nerve fibres knows as
3. folds (convoluted surface) upper parts and lower parts known as
4 cell bodies at _______ side and are _______
axon at ________side and form the _______
5 in spinal cord gray matter________
and white matter _______
6 lobes of cerebrum
7 occipital lobes contains
8 auditory interpretation
9 regions in cerebral cortex
largest areas
10 association region responsible for
- two
- corpus callosum
3 upper - gyri
lower - sulci
4 outer , gray matter
inner , white matter - inside
outside
6 8
frontal (2)
parietal(2)
temporal(2)
occipital(2)
7 contains VISUAL CORTEX AREA - visual interpretation
8 temporal region
9 sensory / association / motor
largest - association (intersensory)
10
memory
communication
intersensory function
hippocampus
>responsible for
converting short term to long term memory
amygdala
deep structures
>shape
>controls
> almond
anger and rage
LIMBIC SYSTEM
hippocampus + amygdala
(can include hypothalamus and thalamus)
limbic system + hypothalamus =
emotional brain
epithalamus
>enclose
thalamus
>wrapped around by
hypothalamus
> connection btw
> controls _______ such as_____
>hormones
>satiety centre
>________
relay centre of brain
epi
>pineal gland
thalamus
>cerebrum
hypothalamus
> connection btw endo and neural
> controls emotions such as
happy
sad
fear
motivation
pleasure
>hormones
>hunger
>thermoregulation
thalamus
MID BRAIN
has ___ swellings on _______surface , known as ________ which contains ______and _______
function of
SC
IC
_______ passes through mid brain
and connects ______ that contains csf
4 , dorsal ,
CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA
2 superior colliculi
2 inferior colliculi
function of
SC - controls visual reflex
IC - controls auditory reflex
cerebral aqueduct
ventricles
HIND BRAIN
CEREBELLUM
>aka
> no.of hemispheres
> gray matter ____ white_____
> controls ______&______
PONS
> aka
> functions
> respiratory center it contains
MEDULLA OBLONGATA connects w spinal cord
>contains centres for
CEREBELLUM
>aka little brain
> 2 hemispheres
> gray matter out white in
> controls
involuntary activities
balance
PONS
> aka bridge
> has neurons interconnecting diff regions of brain
> pneumotaxic centre
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
>contains centres for
RRC
Heart rate
vomiting
gastric
BRAIN STEM
contains
midbrain
pons
medulla
SYNAPSES
Junction btw neurons
> formed by
electrical and chemical diff
1 synaptic cleft
2 gap junction
3 neurotransmitters
4 direction
5 conduction
______ synapses are rare while_____ are common
> presynaptic membrane
synaptic cleft
post synaptic membrane
electrical and chemical diff
1 less / more
2 present / absent
3 absent (ions) / present
4 bi / uni
5 fast / slow
electrical , chemical
neuron A
has________
which contains ________
which contains _________
neuron B
has ______
synaptic cleft
which contains synaptic vesicles
which contains neuro transmitters
receptors
CONDUCTION ACROSS CHEMICAL SYNAPSE
presynaptic membrane
impulse received
calcium channels open and Ca ions enter
ions ask vesicles to do exocytosis and they fuse to pre membrane
neurotransmitters released
NT go bind to receptors
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
1 excitatory
2 inhibitory
1
> acetyl choline
> epinephrine
2
>dopamine
> serotonin
AXON
1structure
2 extracellular fluid contains more _____and less____
3 axoplasm contains more_____ and less ______
4 at resting membrane potential
> ____ charge outside ____ inside
> potential value
5 number of ____ leaky channels more than _____leaky channels
6 sodium potassium active pump function
1
extra cellular fluid
axolemma - axon membrane
axoplasm - intracellular fluid
2
Na+ , k+
3
K+ , Na+
4
>positive , negative
> -70mV
5
potassium > sodium
6
pumps 3 sodium outside and 2 potassium inside using
1 ATP
FACTORS responsible for -70mV RMP
major factor
1 negatively charged proteins
2 more +ve ions flow outside than they flow inside as potassium leaky channels are more than sodium
hence when ions move passively this occurs
3 MAJOR FACTOR
sodium potassium active pump USES 1 ATP
GENERATION OF NERVE IMPULSE
1 POLARISATION
> minimum value of stimulus required
to generate action potential
> polarised state potential
2 DEPOLARISATION
>opening of _______
> potential
> rise in potention is known as
3 REPOLARISATION
> what happens
> ________ occurs as VGC takes longer time to close so more ______ goes out and potential becomes______
4 again resting membrane potential achieved by _____
1
>threshold stimulus -55 - -60mV
> - 70
2
>opening of Na+ voltage gated channels rapid influx of Na+
- outside and + inside
> +30mV
> action potential / impulse
3
> as +30mV achieved Na+ voltage gated channels close and K+ VGC open
+ outside - inside
> hyperpolarization , K+, -90mV
4
> sodium potassium active pump
CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSE
1 UNMYELINATED
2 MYELINATED
> conduction seen known as
faster conduction seen in______
1
Threshold stimulus at site A
depolarization of A
potential change acts as stimulus for nearest site
current from B TO A outside (+to -)
current from A to B inside (+ to -)
depolarization of site B
this process goes on
2
JUMPING / SALTATORY CONDUCTION
myelin sheath make free conduction of ions not possible due to insulation
from node of ranvier to another node of ranvier
Na+ VGC at nodes of ranvier open and inside + outside -
current from (+ to -)
faster conduction seen in myelinated neurons
