Neural Control And Coordination

Question 1

neural coordination
endocrine coordination

• things that help coordination
• mode of communication
  -commutication is ________

Answer 1

neurons / glands
neurotransmitters/ hormones
fast and short living / slow long lasting

Question 2

neuron and neuroglial

-excitation
- function

packaging by _______ made of _____
types

Answer 2

excitable/ non excitable
conduction and unit of NS/ support and packaging of neurons

myelin sheath , lipids
> on cns axons - made by oligodendrocytes
> pns axons - by schwaan cells

Question 3

myelinated neurons
> structure
>most commonly found in

unmyelinated neurons

Answer 3

> myelin sheath not continuous , disrupted by node of ranvier
CNS

Question 4

Types of neurons on the basis of axon and dendrites

Answer 4

1.unipolar
1 axon
0 dendrites
Embryonic life

2. Bipolar
   1 axon
   1 dendrite
   Retina + olfactory epithelium

3.multipolar
1 axon
Multiple dendrite
Cerebral cortex

4. Apolar:
   absence of polarity
   primitive neurons
   Hydra

5.pseudounipolar
tries to be unipolar but from same pole branches in dendrite and axon
DORSAL ROOT OF GANGLION(spinalchord)

Question 5

CNS division
PNS division

Answer 5

cns
>brain
>spinal cord
pns
> nerve fibres ( axon)
-afferent/ sensory organ to cns
-efferent/ motor cns to effector
a. somatic NS nerve fibres carry info to voluntary parts: skeletal muscles

b.autonomic NS carry info to smooth muscles
>sympathetic emergency situation
>parasympathetic normal/rest

Question 6

COLLECTION OF CELL BODY IN
>cns
>pns
collection of axon
>cns
>pns

plexus of neurons meaning?

Answer 6

> nuclei
ganglion

> tract
nerve fibre

network of neurons

Question 7

BRAIN
protected inside____aka_____
divided into 3 parts
further divisions

protective covering around brain

Answer 7

cranium / brain box

fore brain
>cerebrum
> thalamus dien
>epithalamus dien
> hypothalamus dien
>hippocampus
> amygdala
>olfactory lobes

mid brain

hind brain
> cerebellum
> pons
> medulla

meninges
1 dura mater tough fibrous
——subdural space——-
2 arachnoid webbed
——sub arachnoid——-has CSF
3 pia mater in contact w brain

Question 8

CEREBRUM
1 no.of cerebral hemisphere (has longitudinal cleft)
2 hemispheres connected via tract of nerve fibres knows as
3. folds (convoluted surface) upper parts and lower parts known as
4 cell bodies at _______ side and are _______
axon at ________side and form the _______
5 in spinal cord gray matter________
and white matter _______
6 lobes of cerebrum
7 occipital lobes contains
8 auditory interpretation
9 regions in cerebral cortex
largest areas
10 association region responsible for

Answer 8

1. two
2. corpus callosum
   3 upper - gyri
   lower - sulci
   4 outer , gray matter
   inner , white matter
3. inside
   outside
   6 8
   frontal (2)
   parietal(2)
   temporal(2)
   occipital(2)

7 contains VISUAL CORTEX AREA - visual interpretation
8 temporal region
9 sensory / association / motor
largest - association (intersensory)
10
memory
communication
intersensory function

Question 9

hippocampus
>responsible for

Answer 9

converting short term to long term memory

Question 10

amygdala
deep structures
>shape
>controls

Answer 10

> almond
anger and rage

Question 11

LIMBIC SYSTEM

Answer 11

hippocampus + amygdala
(can include hypothalamus and thalamus)

Question 12

limbic system + hypothalamus =

Answer 12

emotional brain

Question 13

epithalamus
>enclose

thalamus
>wrapped around by

hypothalamus
> connection btw
> controls _______ such as_____
>hormones
>satiety centre
>________

relay centre of brain

Answer 13

epi
>pineal gland

thalamus
>cerebrum

hypothalamus
> connection btw endo and neural
> controls emotions such as
happy
sad
fear
motivation
pleasure
>hormones
>hunger
>thermoregulation

thalamus

Question 14

MID BRAIN
has ___ swellings on _______surface , known as ________ which contains ______and _______

function of
SC
IC

_______ passes through mid brain
and connects ______ that contains csf

Answer 14

4 , dorsal ,
CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA
2 superior colliculi
2 inferior colliculi

function of
SC - controls visual reflex
IC - controls auditory reflex

cerebral aqueduct
ventricles

Question 15

HIND BRAIN

CEREBELLUM
>aka
> no.of hemispheres
> gray matter ____ white_____
> controls ______&______

PONS
> aka
> functions
> respiratory center it contains

MEDULLA OBLONGATA connects w spinal cord
>contains centres for

Answer 15

CEREBELLUM
>aka little brain
> 2 hemispheres
> gray matter out white in
> controls
involuntary activities
balance

PONS
> aka bridge
> has neurons interconnecting diff regions of brain
> pneumotaxic centre

MEDULLA OBLONGATA
>contains centres for
RRC
Heart rate
vomiting
gastric

Question 16

BRAIN STEM
contains

Answer 16

midbrain
pons
medulla

Question 17

SYNAPSES
Junction btw neurons
> formed by

electrical and chemical diff
1 synaptic cleft
2 gap junction
3 neurotransmitters
4 direction
5 conduction

______ synapses are rare while_____ are common

Answer 17

> presynaptic membrane
synaptic cleft
post synaptic membrane

electrical and chemical diff
1 less / more
2 present / absent
3 absent (ions) / present
4 bi / uni
5 fast / slow

electrical , chemical

Question 18

neuron A
has________
which contains ________
which contains _________

neuron B
has ______

Answer 18

synaptic cleft
which contains synaptic vesicles
which contains neuro transmitters

receptors

Question 19

CONDUCTION ACROSS CHEMICAL SYNAPSE

Answer 19

presynaptic membrane
impulse received
calcium channels open and Ca ions enter
ions ask vesicles to do exocytosis and they fuse to pre membrane
neurotransmitters released
NT go bind to receptors

Question 20

NEUROTRANSMITTERS
1 excitatory

2 inhibitory

Answer 20

1
> acetyl choline
> epinephrine

2
>dopamine
> serotonin

Question 21

AXON
1structure
2 extracellular fluid contains more _____and less____
3 axoplasm contains more_____ and less ______
4 at resting membrane potential
> ____ charge outside ____ inside
> potential value
5 number of ____ leaky channels more than _____leaky channels
6 sodium potassium active pump function

Answer 21

1
extra cellular fluid
axolemma - axon membrane
axoplasm - intracellular fluid
2
Na+ , k+
3
K+ , Na+
4
>positive , negative
> -70mV
5
potassium > sodium
6
pumps 3 sodium outside and 2 potassium inside using
1 ATP

Question 22

FACTORS responsible for -70mV RMP
major factor

Answer 22

1 negatively charged proteins
2 more +ve ions flow outside than they flow inside as potassium leaky channels are more than sodium
hence when ions move passively this occurs

3 MAJOR FACTOR
sodium potassium active pump USES 1 ATP

Question 23

GENERATION OF NERVE IMPULSE
1 POLARISATION
> minimum value of stimulus required
to generate action potential
> polarised state potential

2 DEPOLARISATION
>opening of _______
> potential
> rise in potention is known as

3 REPOLARISATION
> what happens
> ________ occurs as VGC takes longer time to close so more ______ goes out and potential becomes______

4 again resting membrane potential achieved by _____

Answer 23

1
>threshold stimulus -55 - -60mV
> - 70
2
>opening of Na+ voltage gated channels rapid influx of Na+
- outside and + inside
> +30mV
> action potential / impulse
3
> as +30mV achieved Na+ voltage gated channels close and K+ VGC open
+ outside - inside
> hyperpolarization , K+, -90mV
4
> sodium potassium active pump

Question 24

CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSE

1 UNMYELINATED

2 MYELINATED
> conduction seen known as

faster conduction seen in______

Answer 24

1
Threshold stimulus at site A
depolarization of A
potential change acts as stimulus for nearest site

current from B TO A outside (+to -)
current from A to B inside (+ to -)
depolarization of site B
this process goes on

2
JUMPING / SALTATORY CONDUCTION
myelin sheath make free conduction of ions not possible due to insulation

from node of ranvier to another node of ranvier
Na+ VGC at nodes of ranvier open and inside + outside -
current from (+ to -)

faster conduction seen in myelinated neurons