structural organisation in animals Flashcards
epithelial tissue
free surface
compactly packed with little intercellular matrix
simple epithelium
single layer of cells
lining for body cavities, ducts and tubes
compound epithelium
two or more layers of cell layers
has protective function
squamous epithelium
flattened cells with irregular boundaries
formation of diffusion boundaries
squamous found in
walls of blood vessels
air sacs of lungs
cuboidal epithelium
cube like cells
secretion and absorption
cuboidal found in
ducts of glands
tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys
proximal convulated tubule
cuboidal epithelium has microvilli
columnar epithelium
tall and slender cells
nuclei located at base
free surface may have microvilli
secretion and absorption
columnar found in
lining of stomach and small intestine
ciliated epithelium
cuboidal or columnar epithelium bearing cilia on free surface
move particles and mucus in a specific direction
ciliated found in
inner surface of hollow organs like
bronchioles
fallopian tubes
glandular epithelium
unicellular - goblet cells of alimentary canal
multicellular - salivary gland
exocrine glands
secrete mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes, etc
through ducts and tubes
endocrine glands
secrete hormones
directly into the fluid bathing the organ
compound epithelium
multi layered
limited role in secretion and absorption
provide protection against chemical and mechanical stresses
compound found in
dry surface of the skin
moist surface of buccal cavity
pharynx
inner lining of ducts of salivary glands
and in pancreatic ducts
tight junctions
help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue
adhering junctions
cementing to keep neighboring cells together
gap junctions
facilitate cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells, for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules, and sometimes big molecules
connective tissue
except blood, the cells secrete fibres of structural proteins called collagen or elastin
fibres provide elasticity and flexibility
cells also secrete modified polysaccharides which accumulate between cells and fibres and act as matrix (ground substance)
loose connective tissue
arranged in semi fluid ground substance
areolar tissue
adipose tissue
areolar
support framework for epithelium
fibroblasts (cells that produce and secretes fibres)
macrophages
mast cells
adipose
specialized to store fat
dense connective tissue
fibres and fibroblasts densely packed
dense regular
tendons (skeletal muscles to bones)
ligaments (bones to bones)
dense irregular
present in skin
specialized connective tissue
cartilage
bones
blood
cartilage
intercellular material is sold and pliable and resists compression
chondrocytes
cartilage present in
tip of nose
outer ear joints
between adjacent bones of the vertebral column, limbs and hands
bones
hard and non pliable ground substance
rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres which giev it strength
structural frame to body
osteocytes in lacunae
mammal bone
presence of haversian canal
site of production of blood cells
bone marrow
blood
fluid connective tissue
plasma
RBCs
WBCs
platelets
main circulating fluid
muscle tissue
long, cylindrical fibres arranged parallely
myofibrils
skeletal tissue
striated
unbranched
multinucleate
biceps
smooth muscles
fusiform
unstriated
involuntary
uninucleate
unbranched
wall of internal organs like blood vessels, stomach and intestine
cardiac muscles
branched
striated
multinucleate
heart
communication junctions (intercalated discs)
neural tissue
neurons are excitable cells
neuroglea
protect and support neurons
make up more than one half of neural tissue in our body
earthworm
pheretima
lumbricus
metameres in earthworm
100-120
dorsal surface of earthworm
dark median mid dorsal line (dorsal blood vessel)
ventral surface of earthworm
genital openings (pores)
anterior end
mouth and peristomium
peristomium
lobe which serves as covering for the mouth and as a wedge to force open cracks in the soil into which the earthworm may crawl
sensory in function
peristomium
buccal segment
clitellum
14-16
glandular tissue
spermathecal apertures
5-9
4 pairs on ventro lateral sides of the intersegmental grooves
female genital pore in earthworm
14
single in mid ventral line
male genital pores
18
pair on ventro lateral sides
genital papilae
17, 19
keeps the copulation together during copulation
nephridiopores
minute pores open on surface of body
setae
s-shaped
embedded in epidermal pits in middle of each segment (except 1st, last and clitellum)
principal role is locomotion
anatomy of earthworm
thin non cellular layer
epidermis
circular muscle layer
longitudinal muscle layer
innermost coelomic epithelium
digestive system of earthworm
mouth > buccal cavity > muscular pharynx > small narrow tube oesophagus > muscular gizzard > stomach > intestine > anus
buccal cavity e
1-3
oesophagus e
5-7
gizzard e
8-9
stomach e
9-14
intestine e
15 onwards
intestinal caecae
short and conical
26
typhlosole
internal median fold of dorsal wall
after 26 except the last 23-25
hearts in earthworm
5 hearts
(aortic arches)
true heart in earthworm
0
false hearts in earthworm
10
blood glands in earthworm
4,5,6
produce blood cells and hemoglobin dissolved in plasma
lateral hearts
8 (4 pairs)
2 lateral (7,9)
2 lateral oesophageal (12,13)
subneural vessel
bifurcates and then continues as cominissural vessel
earthworm respiration
through moist body surface into blood stream
nephridia
segmentally arranged coiled tubes
septal nephridia
15-last
opens into intestine
integumentary nephridia
3-last
open into body surface
pharyngeal nephridia
three paired tufts in 4,5 and 6
excess fluid
coelomic chamber > nephridia > surface in body wall (through pores) > digestive tube
ganglia e
arranged segmentwise on ventral paired nerve cord
nerve ring
nerve cord (3,4) bifurcate, laterally encircling pharynx, joins central ganglia dorsally
testes e
two pairs in 10, 11
vasa differentia e
common prostate and spermatic duct
11-18
join prostatic duct
accessory glands e
17,19 one pair each
spermathecae e
4 pairs
6-9
recieve and store spermatozoa during copulation
pair of ovaries e
intersegmental septum of 12,13
ovarian funnels beneath which continue to oviduct, join together and open on ventral side through female genital pore (14)
spermatophores
packets of sperms
vermicomposting
earthworms
friends of framers
