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biology class xi > structural organisation in animals > Flashcards

structural organisation in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

epithelial tissue

A

free surface
compactly packed with little intercellular matrix

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2
Q

simple epithelium

A

single layer of cells
lining for body cavities, ducts and tubes

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3
Q

compound epithelium

A

two or more layers of cell layers
has protective function

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4
Q

squamous epithelium

A

flattened cells with irregular boundaries
formation of diffusion boundaries

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5
Q

squamous found in

A

walls of blood vessels
air sacs of lungs

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6
Q

cuboidal epithelium

A

cube like cells
secretion and absorption

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7
Q

cuboidal found in

A

ducts of glands
tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys

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8
Q

proximal convulated tubule

A

cuboidal epithelium has microvilli

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9
Q

columnar epithelium

A

tall and slender cells
nuclei located at base
free surface may have microvilli
secretion and absorption

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10
Q

columnar found in

A

lining of stomach and small intestine

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11
Q

ciliated epithelium

A

cuboidal or columnar epithelium bearing cilia on free surface
move particles and mucus in a specific direction

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12
Q

ciliated found in

A

inner surface of hollow organs like
bronchioles
fallopian tubes

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13
Q

glandular epithelium

A

unicellular - goblet cells of alimentary canal
multicellular - salivary gland

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14
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes, etc
through ducts and tubes

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15
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones
directly into the fluid bathing the organ

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16
Q

compound epithelium

A

multi layered
limited role in secretion and absorption
provide protection against chemical and mechanical stresses

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17
Q

compound found in

A

dry surface of the skin
moist surface of buccal cavity
pharynx
inner lining of ducts of salivary glands
and in pancreatic ducts

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18
Q

tight junctions

A

help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue

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19
Q

adhering junctions

A

cementing to keep neighboring cells together

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20
Q

gap junctions

A

facilitate cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells, for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules, and sometimes big molecules

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21
Q

connective tissue

A

except blood, the cells secrete fibres of structural proteins called collagen or elastin
fibres provide elasticity and flexibility
cells also secrete modified polysaccharides which accumulate between cells and fibres and act as matrix (ground substance)

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22
Q

loose connective tissue

A

arranged in semi fluid ground substance
areolar tissue
adipose tissue

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23
Q

areolar

A

support framework for epithelium
fibroblasts (cells that produce and secretes fibres)
macrophages
mast cells

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24
Q

adipose

A

specialized to store fat

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25
Q

dense connective tissue

A

fibres and fibroblasts densely packed

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26
Q

dense regular

A

tendons (skeletal muscles to bones)
ligaments (bones to bones)

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27
Q

dense irregular

A

present in skin

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28
Q

specialized connective tissue

A

cartilage
bones
blood

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29
Q

cartilage

A

intercellular material is sold and pliable and resists compression
chondrocytes

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30
Q

cartilage present in

A

tip of nose
outer ear joints
between adjacent bones of the vertebral column, limbs and hands

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31
Q

bones

A

hard and non pliable ground substance
rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres which giev it strength
structural frame to body
osteocytes in lacunae

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32
Q

mammal bone

A

presence of haversian canal

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33
Q

site of production of blood cells

A

bone marrow

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34
Q

blood

A

fluid connective tissue
plasma
RBCs
WBCs
platelets
main circulating fluid

35
Q

muscle tissue

A

long, cylindrical fibres arranged parallely
myofibrils

36
Q

skeletal tissue

A

striated
unbranched
multinucleate
biceps

37
Q

smooth muscles

A

fusiform
unstriated
involuntary
uninucleate
unbranched
wall of internal organs like blood vessels, stomach and intestine

38
Q

cardiac muscles

A

branched
striated
multinucleate
heart
communication junctions (intercalated discs)

39
Q

neural tissue

A

neurons are excitable cells

40
Q

neuroglea

A

protect and support neurons
make up more than one half of neural tissue in our body

41
Q

earthworm

A

pheretima
lumbricus

42
Q

metameres in earthworm

A

100-120

43
Q

dorsal surface of earthworm

A

dark median mid dorsal line (dorsal blood vessel)

44
Q

ventral surface of earthworm

A

genital openings (pores)

45
Q

anterior end

A

mouth and peristomium

46
Q

peristomium

A

lobe which serves as covering for the mouth and as a wedge to force open cracks in the soil into which the earthworm may crawl
sensory in function

47
Q

peristomium

A

buccal segment

48
Q

clitellum

A

14-16
glandular tissue

49
Q

spermathecal apertures

A

5-9
4 pairs on ventro lateral sides of the intersegmental grooves

50
Q

female genital pore in earthworm

A

14
single in mid ventral line

51
Q

male genital pores

A

18
pair on ventro lateral sides

52
Q

genital papilae

A

17, 19
keeps the copulation together during copulation

53
Q

nephridiopores

A

minute pores open on surface of body

54
Q

setae

A

s-shaped
embedded in epidermal pits in middle of each segment (except 1st, last and clitellum)
principal role is locomotion

55
Q

anatomy of earthworm

A

thin non cellular layer
epidermis
circular muscle layer
longitudinal muscle layer
innermost coelomic epithelium

56
Q

digestive system of earthworm

A

mouth > buccal cavity > muscular pharynx > small narrow tube oesophagus > muscular gizzard > stomach > intestine > anus

57
Q

buccal cavity e

A

1-3

58
Q

oesophagus e

A

5-7

59
Q

gizzard e

A

8-9

60
Q

stomach e

A

9-14

61
Q

intestine e

A

15 onwards

62
Q

intestinal caecae

A

short and conical
26

63
Q

typhlosole

A

internal median fold of dorsal wall
after 26 except the last 23-25

64
Q

hearts in earthworm

A

5 hearts
(aortic arches)

65
Q

true heart in earthworm

A

0

66
Q

false hearts in earthworm

A

10

67
Q

blood glands in earthworm

A

4,5,6
produce blood cells and hemoglobin dissolved in plasma

68
Q

lateral hearts

A

8 (4 pairs)
2 lateral (7,9)
2 lateral oesophageal (12,13)

69
Q

subneural vessel

A

bifurcates and then continues as cominissural vessel

70
Q

earthworm respiration

A

through moist body surface into blood stream

71
Q

nephridia

A

segmentally arranged coiled tubes

72
Q

septal nephridia

A

15-last
opens into intestine

73
Q

integumentary nephridia

A

3-last
open into body surface

74
Q

pharyngeal nephridia

A

three paired tufts in 4,5 and 6

75
Q

excess fluid

A

coelomic chamber > nephridia > surface in body wall (through pores) > digestive tube

76
Q

ganglia e

A

arranged segmentwise on ventral paired nerve cord

77
Q

nerve ring

A

nerve cord (3,4) bifurcate, laterally encircling pharynx, joins central ganglia dorsally

78
Q

testes e

A

two pairs in 10, 11

79
Q

vasa differentia e

A

common prostate and spermatic duct
11-18
join prostatic duct

80
Q

accessory glands e

A

17,19 one pair each

81
Q

spermathecae e

A

4 pairs
6-9
recieve and store spermatozoa during copulation

82
Q

pair of ovaries e

A

intersegmental septum of 12,13
ovarian funnels beneath which continue to oviduct, join together and open on ventral side through female genital pore (14)

83
Q

spermatophores

A

packets of sperms

84
Q

vermicomposting

A

earthworms
friends of framers

biology class xi (4 decks)

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