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Genitourinary System > Structural & Functional Orginization of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Structural & Functional Orginization of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys

A

Nephrology

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2
Q

what is the branch of medicine that deal with the male and female urinary system and the male reproductive system

A

Urology

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3
Q

what are the five functions of the kidneys

A

Regulation of:

Ion levels in the blood

blood volume and pressure

Blood pH

Production of hormones

excretion of waste

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4
Q

the kidneys help regulate the blood levels of what ions

A

Sodium

Potassium

Phosphate

Calcium

Chloride

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5
Q

the kidneys help regulate blood pressure by secreting what enzyme

A

renin

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6
Q

Renin activates what pathway

A

Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone Pathway

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7
Q

what two hormones do the kidneys produce

A

Calcitriol activated by Vitamin D

Erythropoietin

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8
Q

what are the non useful substances that the body excretes

A

Ammonia

Bilirubin

Creatinine

Uric Acid

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9
Q

Ammonia

Bilirubin

Creatinine

Uric Acid

are a recults from the break down of what

A

Ammonia - amino acids

Bilirubin - hemoglobin

Creatinine - phosphare in muscle fibers

Uric Acid - Nucleic acids

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10
Q

The kidneys are a pair of reddish organs shaped like ________

A

Kidney Beans

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11
Q

the kidneys on either side of the vertebral column between the peritoneum and the back wall of the abdominal cavity at what level

A

T12 - L3

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12
Q

what ribs provide some protection to the superior parts of the kidneys

A

11th and 12th

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13
Q

what kidney sits slightly lower and why

A

right kidney

Because the liver occupies a large area above

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14
Q

an adult kidney is comparable in size to what

A

bar of bath soap

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15
Q

The indention near the medial boards of the kidney is called what

A

Renal hilum

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16
Q

what enters and exits at the renal hilum

A

Ureters leave

Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit

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17
Q

what is the smooth transparent connective tissue sheath the helps maintain the shape of the kidneys and serves as a barrier against trauma surrounding each kidney called

A

renal capsule

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18
Q

what surrounds the kidney and provides cushion along with a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue helps anchor the kidney

A

adipose tissue

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19
Q

what are the two internal regions of the kidney

A

Renal Cortex - light red

Renal Medulla - dark red/brown

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20
Q

within the renal medulla there are several cone shaped renal pyramids, which are extensions the renal cortex what is the structure that fills the space between the renal pyramid called

A

renal columns

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21
Q

Urine formed in the kidney passes from thousands of papillary ducts within the renal pyramids into cup like structures called what

A

minor calyces

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22
Q

each kidney has how many minor calyces

A

8 - 12

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23
Q

from the 8-12 minor calyces urine travels to major calyces, how many major calyces are there

A

2 - 3

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24
Q

about what percentage of resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys through the renal arteries

A

20 - 30 %

1200ml

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25
Q

the functional unit of the kidney are

A

Nephron numbering about a million in each kidney

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26
Q

what are the two parts of the Nephron

A

renal Corpuscle

renal tubule

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27
Q

what part of the nephron is plasma filtered

A

renal corpuscle

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28
Q

what part of the nephron is where filter fluid called glomerular filtrate passes

A

renal tubule

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29
Q

what are the three basic processes of the nephron

A

Glomerular Filtration

Tubular Reabsorption

tubular secretion

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30
Q

By the time the filtered fluid has undergone tubular reabsorption and tublar secretion and enters the minor and major calyx it is called what

A

Urine

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31
Q

urine values vary considerably according to what

A

diet

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32
Q

the cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule are called what

A

podocytes

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33
Q

what is Net filtration pressure

A

1) blood colloid osmotic pressure

2) glomerular capsule pressure

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34
Q

what is the equation for Net filtration pressure

A

Net filtration pressure = Glomerular capillary blood pressure - ( blood colloid osmotic pressure + Glomerular capsule pressure)

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35
Q

Normally net filtration pressure is what

A

10mmHg

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36
Q

Net Filtration forces a large volume of fluid into the capsular space what is the value for men and woman

A

men - 180 litters

women - 150 litters women

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37
Q

what structures help manage net filtration pressure

A

afferent and efferent arterioles

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38
Q

what is the amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute is called what

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

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39
Q

what is the average Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in men and women

A

125 mL/min

105 mL/min

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40
Q

is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is high or low when :

needed substances pass so quickly through the renal tubules
that they are unable to be reabsorbed and pass out of the body as part of urine.

A

High

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41
Q

is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is high or low when :

nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed and waste
products are not adequately excreted.

A

Low

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42
Q

what hormone is secreted by the atria stretching and promotes the loss of sodium ions and water in the urine in part because it increases glomerular filtration rate

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

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43
Q

Blood vessels of the kidneys are activated by what type of nervous system

A

sympathetic neurons of autonomic nervous system

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44
Q

At rest, sympathetic stimulation is low and the afferent and efferent arterioles are dilated or constricted

A

dilated

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45
Q

With greater sympathetic stimulation, as occurs with exorcise or hemorrhage, the
afferent arterioles are dilated or constricted

A

constricted

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46
Q

The filtered fluid becomes tubular fluid once it enters what part of the renal tubuale

A

proximal convoluted tubule.

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47
Q

what type of cells along the renal tubules and collecting ducts carry out tubular
reabsorption

A

Epithelial cells

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48
Q

where does most of the tubular reabsorption happen

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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49
Q

the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs what percentage of water and filtered glucose

A

Water 65%

100% filtered glucose amino acids

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50
Q

tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion takes place all along the renal
tubules and collecting ducts and occurs via what process

A

passive diffusion

and

active transportation

51
Q

what is the poisonous waste product that is produced when amino groups are removed from amino acids

A

Ammonia

52
Q

the liver converts most ammonia to a less toxic compound called what

A

urea

53
Q

tubular secretion helps with control of blood pH at a rage of

A

7.35 - 7.45

54
Q

is urine typically acidic or alkaline

A

Acidic with a pH below 7

55
Q

what are them most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion

A

angiotensin II

and

aldosterone.

56
Q

the proximal convoluted tubules, angiotensin II enhances reabsorption of what

A

Na+

and

Cl

57
Q

Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release what

A

aldosterone

58
Q

Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, a hormone
that in turn stimulates the tubule cells in the last part of the distal convoluted tubules and throughout the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl- and secretes more what

A

K

59
Q

Aldosterone-stimulated secretion of K+ is the major regulator

A

Blood K Levels

60
Q

Besides increasing glomerular filtration rate, the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plays a minor role in inhibiting the reabsorption

A

Na+

61
Q

what is themajor hormone that regulates water reabsorption

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH),

62
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), operates via what type of feed back system

A

Negative

63
Q

When the concentration of water in the blood decreases by as little as 1%,
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate release of ADH from where

A

posterior pituitary

64
Q

what is the second most powerful stimulus of antidiuretic hormone (ADH),

A

decrease in blood volume

65
Q

Lower-than-normal level of Ca2+ in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH).

66
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) also inhibits what

A

phosphate

67
Q

what makes up a Urinalysis test

A

volume

physical

chemical

micoscopic

68
Q

what is the total volume eliminated in a normal adult

A

1 to 2 liters

69
Q

water accounts for what percent of of the total volume eliminated in a normal adult

A

95%

70
Q

what are the elements of urine

A

urea

creatinine

potassium

ammonia

uric acid

sodium

chloride

magnesium

sulfate

phosphate

calcium ions.

71
Q

The wall of the ureter consists of what three layers.

A

mucosa

transitional epithelium

areolar connective tissue

72
Q

what is the average capacity of the bladder

A

700 -800mL

73
Q

The muscular layer of the urinary bladder wall consists of three layers of smooth muscle called what

A

detrusor muscle.

74
Q

what is terminal portions of the urinary systems

A

urethra

75
Q

is the opening and closing of the internal urethral sphincter is voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

76
Q

the urinary bladder stores urine prior to its elimination and the expels urine into the urethra what is the act called

A

micturition (urination)

77
Q

when the volume of urine in the bladder exceeds how much, pressure within the bladder increases considerably, and stretch receptors in its wall transmit nerve impulses into
the spinal cord.

A

200 -400ml

78
Q

when the pressure within the bladder increases considerably and stretch receptors transmit a nerve impulse into the spinal cord a trigger what reflex

A

micturition reflex

79
Q

micturition reflex is what type of impulse from the spinal cord

A

parasympathetic

80
Q

in lean adults fluids make up how much of total body mass

A

55% - 60%

81
Q

how much of body fluid is intracellular (ICF) or cytosol

A

2/3

82
Q

how much of body fluid is extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

1/3

83
Q

what percent of ECF is interstitial fluid

A

80%

84
Q

what percent of ECF

A

20%

85
Q

what are other extracellular fluids that are grouped with interstitial fluid

A

lymph

cerebrospinal

synovial

aqueous humor and vitreous body in the eyes

endolymoh and perilymph in the ears

pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluids

86
Q

what two barriers separate intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid and blood plasma

A

plasma membrane

blood vessel walls

87
Q

where is the only place were the blood vessels are thin enough and leaky enough to permit the exchange of water and solutes between blood plasma and
interstitial fluid.

A

capillaries

88
Q

water makes up how much of total blood plasma

A

45 - 75%

89
Q

what is the primary means of water movement between intracellular fluid and
interstitial fluid,

A

osmosis

90
Q

Most solutes in body fluids are electrolytes, inorganic compounds that break apart into what when dissolved in water

A

ions

91
Q

how many of water is ingested liquids

how much do water comes from moist foods

metabolic water gain accounts for about how much a day

A

1600ml

700ml

200ml

92
Q

what is the total water gain in a day

A

2500ml

93
Q

how much water do the kidneys excrete a day

how much evaporate from skin surface

how much is exhaled

how much is defecated

A

1500ml urine

600ml

300

100ml

94
Q

woman of reproductive age loose about how much due to menstrual flow

A

2500ml

95
Q

what governs the urge to drink

A

an area in the hypothalamus called the thirst center

96
Q

what percent of fluid body mass will cause mild dehydration

A

2%

97
Q

what stimulated the thirst center in the hypothalamus

A

Osmoreceptors and increase angiotensin II

98
Q

what are the three hormones that regulate reabsorption of Na and Cl

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),

angiotensin II

aldosterone.

99
Q

what is the major hormone that regulated water loss by increasing permeability of plasma membranes of cells in the collecting ducts of the kidneys

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

100
Q

what is the most abundant element in extracellular ions representing 90% of extracellular cations

A

sodium

101
Q

what is the most prevalent anions in ectracellular fluid

A

Chloride

102
Q

what is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid

A

potassium

103
Q

when potassium moves out of the cell i often exchanges for what, helping regulate pH of body fluids

A

hydrogen

104
Q

the level of potassium id controlled by

A

aldostrone

105
Q

98% of calcium in adults is located where

A

skeleton and teeth

106
Q

in body fluid calcium is mainly what type of fluid

A

extracellular

107
Q

what are the 2 main regulators of calcium in blood plasma

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Calcitriol

108
Q

low plasma calcium level promotes the release of what

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

109
Q

what are the four general functions ions

A

control osmosis

maintain acid-base balance

carry electrical current

optimize activity of enzymes

110
Q

what is the difference between ECF and interstitial fluid

A

extracellular fluids contain protein anions

111
Q

what is the major homeostatic challenge in regards to pH

A

keeping hydrogen level at appropriate range

112
Q

In a healthy person, the pH of systemic arterial blood remains between what

A

7.35 - 7.45

113
Q

the removal of H+ from body fluids and the subsequent elimination from the body depend on what three major mechanisms:

A

Buffer systems,

exhalation of carbon dioxide

kidney excretion of H+ into the urine.

114
Q

how do buffer system work

A

prevent rapid drastic changes in the pH of a body fluid by converting strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases

115
Q

what is the most abundant buffer system in the intracellular fluid

A

protein buffer system

116
Q

does the protein buffer system work on acids or bases

A

both acids and bases

117
Q

what buffer system is bases on the bicarbonat ion and can work on weak bases and weak acids.

A

Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System.

118
Q

what is the most abundant buffer system in extracellular fluid

A

Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System.

119
Q

what is important buffer in intracellular fluid and in urine

A

Exhalation of carbon dioxide

120
Q

The slowest mechanism for removal of acids is also the only way to eliminate most acids that form in the body

A

kidney excretion of H+

121
Q

acidosis is a condition in which arterial blood pH is below what

A

7.35

122
Q

depression of the nervous system is sever and casue disorientation, comatose, death happens when pH falls below what

A

7

123
Q

alkalosis is define as arterial blood pH higher than what.

A

7.45

Genitourinary System (7 decks)

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