Structural & Functional Orginization of the Urinary System Flashcards
what is the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys
Nephrology
what is the branch of medicine that deal with the male and female urinary system and the male reproductive system
Urology
what are the five functions of the kidneys
Regulation of:
Ion levels in the blood
blood volume and pressure
Blood pH
Production of hormones
excretion of waste
the kidneys help regulate the blood levels of what ions
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphate
Calcium
Chloride
the kidneys help regulate blood pressure by secreting what enzyme
renin
Renin activates what pathway
Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone Pathway
what two hormones do the kidneys produce
Calcitriol activated by Vitamin D
Erythropoietin
what are the non useful substances that the body excretes
Ammonia
Bilirubin
Creatinine
Uric Acid
Ammonia
Bilirubin
Creatinine
Uric Acid
are a recults from the break down of what
Ammonia - amino acids
Bilirubin - hemoglobin
Creatinine - phosphare in muscle fibers
Uric Acid - Nucleic acids
The kidneys are a pair of reddish organs shaped like ________
Kidney Beans
the kidneys on either side of the vertebral column between the peritoneum and the back wall of the abdominal cavity at what level
T12 - L3
what ribs provide some protection to the superior parts of the kidneys
11th and 12th
what kidney sits slightly lower and why
right kidney
Because the liver occupies a large area above
an adult kidney is comparable in size to what
bar of bath soap
The indention near the medial boards of the kidney is called what
Renal hilum
what enters and exits at the renal hilum
Ureters leave
Blood vessels Lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit
what is the smooth transparent connective tissue sheath the helps maintain the shape of the kidneys and serves as a barrier against trauma surrounding each kidney called
renal capsule
what surrounds the kidney and provides cushion along with a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue helps anchor the kidney
adipose tissue
what are the two internal regions of the kidney
Renal Cortex - light red
Renal Medulla - dark red/brown
within the renal medulla there are several cone shaped renal pyramids, which are extensions the renal cortex what is the structure that fills the space between the renal pyramid called
renal columns
Urine formed in the kidney passes from thousands of papillary ducts within the renal pyramids into cup like structures called what
minor calyces
each kidney has how many minor calyces
8 - 12
from the 8-12 minor calyces urine travels to major calyces, how many major calyces are there
2 - 3
about what percentage of resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys through the renal arteries
20 - 30 %
1200ml
the functional unit of the kidney are
Nephron numbering about a million in each kidney
what are the two parts of the Nephron
renal Corpuscle
renal tubule
what part of the nephron is plasma filtered
renal corpuscle
what part of the nephron is where filter fluid called glomerular filtrate passes
renal tubule
what are the three basic processes of the nephron
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
tubular secretion
By the time the filtered fluid has undergone tubular reabsorption and tublar secretion and enters the minor and major calyx it is called what
Urine
urine values vary considerably according to what
diet
the cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule are called what
podocytes
what is Net filtration pressure
1) blood colloid osmotic pressure
2) glomerular capsule pressure
what is the equation for Net filtration pressure
Net filtration pressure = Glomerular capillary blood pressure - ( blood colloid osmotic pressure + Glomerular capsule pressure)
Normally net filtration pressure is what
10mmHg
Net Filtration forces a large volume of fluid into the capsular space what is the value for men and woman
men - 180 litters
women - 150 litters women
what structures help manage net filtration pressure
afferent and efferent arterioles
what is the amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute is called what
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
what is the average Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in men and women
125 mL/min
105 mL/min
is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is high or low when :
needed substances pass so quickly through the renal tubules
that they are unable to be reabsorbed and pass out of the body as part of urine.
High
is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is high or low when :
nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed and waste
products are not adequately excreted.
Low
what hormone is secreted by the atria stretching and promotes the loss of sodium ions and water in the urine in part because it increases glomerular filtration rate
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Blood vessels of the kidneys are activated by what type of nervous system
sympathetic neurons of autonomic nervous system
At rest, sympathetic stimulation is low and the afferent and efferent arterioles are dilated or constricted
dilated
With greater sympathetic stimulation, as occurs with exorcise or hemorrhage, the
afferent arterioles are dilated or constricted
constricted
The filtered fluid becomes tubular fluid once it enters what part of the renal tubuale
proximal convoluted tubule.
what type of cells along the renal tubules and collecting ducts carry out tubular
reabsorption
Epithelial cells
where does most of the tubular reabsorption happen
proximal convoluted tubule
the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs what percentage of water and filtered glucose
Water 65%
100% filtered glucose amino acids
tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion takes place all along the renal
tubules and collecting ducts and occurs via what process
passive diffusion
and
active transportation
what is the poisonous waste product that is produced when amino groups are removed from amino acids
Ammonia
the liver converts most ammonia to a less toxic compound called what
urea
tubular secretion helps with control of blood pH at a rage of
7.35 - 7.45
is urine typically acidic or alkaline
Acidic with a pH below 7
what are them most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion
angiotensin II
and
aldosterone.
the proximal convoluted tubules, angiotensin II enhances reabsorption of what
Na+
and
Cl
Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release what
aldosterone
Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, a hormone
that in turn stimulates the tubule cells in the last part of the distal convoluted tubules and throughout the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl- and secretes more what
K
Aldosterone-stimulated secretion of K+ is the major regulator
Blood K Levels
Besides increasing glomerular filtration rate, the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plays a minor role in inhibiting the reabsorption
Na+
what is themajor hormone that regulates water reabsorption
antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), operates via what type of feed back system
Negative
When the concentration of water in the blood decreases by as little as 1%,
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate release of ADH from where
posterior pituitary
what is the second most powerful stimulus of antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
decrease in blood volume
Lower-than-normal level of Ca2+ in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release
parathyroid hormone (PTH).
parathyroid hormone (PTH) also inhibits what
phosphate
what makes up a Urinalysis test
volume
physical
chemical
micoscopic
what is the total volume eliminated in a normal adult
1 to 2 liters
water accounts for what percent of of the total volume eliminated in a normal adult
95%
what are the elements of urine
urea
creatinine
potassium
ammonia
uric acid
sodium
chloride
magnesium
sulfate
phosphate
calcium ions.
The wall of the ureter consists of what three layers.
mucosa
transitional epithelium
areolar connective tissue
what is the average capacity of the bladder
700 -800mL
The muscular layer of the urinary bladder wall consists of three layers of smooth muscle called what
detrusor muscle.
what is terminal portions of the urinary systems
urethra
is the opening and closing of the internal urethral sphincter is voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
the urinary bladder stores urine prior to its elimination and the expels urine into the urethra what is the act called
micturition (urination)
when the volume of urine in the bladder exceeds how much, pressure within the bladder increases considerably, and stretch receptors in its wall transmit nerve impulses into
the spinal cord.
200 -400ml
when the pressure within the bladder increases considerably and stretch receptors transmit a nerve impulse into the spinal cord a trigger what reflex
micturition reflex
micturition reflex is what type of impulse from the spinal cord
parasympathetic
in lean adults fluids make up how much of total body mass
55% - 60%
how much of body fluid is intracellular (ICF) or cytosol
2/3
how much of body fluid is extracellular fluid (ECF)
1/3
what percent of ECF is interstitial fluid
80%
what percent of ECF
20%
what are other extracellular fluids that are grouped with interstitial fluid
lymph
cerebrospinal
synovial
aqueous humor and vitreous body in the eyes
endolymoh and perilymph in the ears
pleural, pericardial, peritoneal fluids
what two barriers separate intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid and blood plasma
plasma membrane
blood vessel walls
where is the only place were the blood vessels are thin enough and leaky enough to permit the exchange of water and solutes between blood plasma and
interstitial fluid.
capillaries
water makes up how much of total blood plasma
45 - 75%
what is the primary means of water movement between intracellular fluid and
interstitial fluid,
osmosis
Most solutes in body fluids are electrolytes, inorganic compounds that break apart into what when dissolved in water
ions
how many of water is ingested liquids
how much do water comes from moist foods
metabolic water gain accounts for about how much a day
1600ml
700ml
200ml
what is the total water gain in a day
2500ml
how much water do the kidneys excrete a day
how much evaporate from skin surface
how much is exhaled
how much is defecated
1500ml urine
600ml
300
100ml
woman of reproductive age loose about how much due to menstrual flow
2500ml
what governs the urge to drink
an area in the hypothalamus called the thirst center
what percent of fluid body mass will cause mild dehydration
2%
what stimulated the thirst center in the hypothalamus
Osmoreceptors and increase angiotensin II
what are the three hormones that regulate reabsorption of Na and Cl
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),
angiotensin II
aldosterone.
what is the major hormone that regulated water loss by increasing permeability of plasma membranes of cells in the collecting ducts of the kidneys
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
what is the most abundant element in extracellular ions representing 90% of extracellular cations
sodium
what is the most prevalent anions in ectracellular fluid
Chloride
what is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid
potassium
when potassium moves out of the cell i often exchanges for what, helping regulate pH of body fluids
hydrogen
the level of potassium id controlled by
aldostrone
98% of calcium in adults is located where
skeleton and teeth
in body fluid calcium is mainly what type of fluid
extracellular
what are the 2 main regulators of calcium in blood plasma
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitriol
low plasma calcium level promotes the release of what
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
what are the four general functions ions
control osmosis
maintain acid-base balance
carry electrical current
optimize activity of enzymes
what is the difference between ECF and interstitial fluid
extracellular fluids contain protein anions
what is the major homeostatic challenge in regards to pH
keeping hydrogen level at appropriate range
In a healthy person, the pH of systemic arterial blood remains between what
7.35 - 7.45
the removal of H+ from body fluids and the subsequent elimination from the body depend on what three major mechanisms:
Buffer systems,
exhalation of carbon dioxide
kidney excretion of H+ into the urine.
how do buffer system work
prevent rapid drastic changes in the pH of a body fluid by converting strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases
what is the most abundant buffer system in the intracellular fluid
protein buffer system
does the protein buffer system work on acids or bases
both acids and bases
what buffer system is bases on the bicarbonat ion and can work on weak bases and weak acids.
Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System.
what is the most abundant buffer system in extracellular fluid
Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System.
what is important buffer in intracellular fluid and in urine
Exhalation of carbon dioxide
The slowest mechanism for removal of acids is also the only way to eliminate most acids that form in the body
kidney excretion of H+
acidosis is a condition in which arterial blood pH is below what
7.35
depression of the nervous system is sever and casue disorientation, comatose, death happens when pH falls below what
7
alkalosis is define as arterial blood pH higher than what.
7.45
