STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Part 2

Question 1

The spinal cord is located?

Answer 1

within the vertebral canal.

Question 2

Spinal Cord Structure protected by?

Answer 2

vertebral column, vertebral ligaments, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

Question 3

Spinal Cord Structure: Meninges are three layers of connective tissue

Answer 3

(a) Dura mater: Outer most layer; tough dense connective tissue

(b) Arachnoid mater: Middle layer; extends into subarachnoid space, resembles spider
web

(c) Pia mater: Inner layer, thin and delicate, adheres to surface of spinal cord and
brain, contains blood vessels

Question 4

What space is between the arachnoid and pia mater and is filled with
cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 4

Subarachnoid space

Question 5

Epidural space has fat which helps protect/cushion where?

Answer 5

Between vertebrae and dura mater

Question 6

Where does the spinal cord extend from?

Answer 6

the medulla oblongata to the L2

Question 7

Two grooves divide the spinal cord into two hemispheres.

Answer 7

(a) Anterior median fissure
(b) Posterior median sulcus

Question 8

Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Spinal Root

Answer 8

(a) Posterior (dorsal) root contains sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from
sensory receptors (afferent)

(b) Anterior (ventral) root contains axons of motor neurons (autonomic and somatic)
which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors (efferent)

Question 9

Posterior horn contains

Answer 9

cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of
incoming sensory neurons.

Question 10

Anterior (ventral) gray horns contain

Answer 10

cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that
provide impulses for contraction of muscles.

Question 11

The lateral gray horn is present only in the

Answer 11

thoracic and upper lumbar segments and
contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the cardiac muscle,
smooth muscles and glands.

Question 12

White Matter:
Sensory tract (ascending) tract:

Answer 12

Consist of axons that conduct nerves impulses toward
the brain

Example: Spinothalamic tract

Question 13

White Matter:
Motor (descending) tracts:

Answer 13

It consists of axons that conduct nerves impulses away from
the brain

Example: Corticospinal tract

Question 14

Reflexes Lvls

Answer 14

1) Spinal reflex: Simple (reflex arc) Example: Patellar reflex

2) Cranial reflex: Simple; occurs in the brainstem. Example: Gag reflex

Question 15

Spinal nerves are part of the _______ nervous system?

Answer 15

peripheral nervous system.

Question 16

pairs of cervical nerves

Answer 16

8

Question 17

pairs of thoracic nerves

Answer 17

12

Question 18

pairs of lumbar

Answer 18

5

Question 19

pairs of sacral

Answer 19

5

Question 20

pair of coccyx

Answer 20

1

Question 21

Sensory information goes through what root?

Answer 21

Dorsal

Question 22

Motor information goes through root?

Answer 22

Anterior

Question 23

Protective connective tissue:

Answer 23

Endoneurium inside
Perineurium
Epineurium outside

Question 24

Groups of axons arranged in bundles called

Answer 24

fascicles

Question 25

Cervical plexus supplies

Answer 25

posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulder and the
diaphragm

Question 26

Cervical plexus:
Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

Answer 26

Innervates the diaphragm to contract.

Question 27

Brachial plexus supplies

Answer 27

upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles

Question 28

Brachial plexus Locations:

Answer 28

Radial nerve (C5-T1)
Ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
Axillary nerve (C5- C6)

Question 29

Lumbar plexus supplies

Answer 29

Abdominal wall, external genitals and parts of the lower limbs

Question 30

Lumbar plexus Locations

Answer 30

Femoral nerve (L2-L4)

Question 31

Sacral plexus supplies

Answer 31

Buttocks, perineum and most of lower limbs

Question 32

Sacral plexus Locations

Answer 32

Buttocks, perineum and most of lower limbs

Question 33

Sacral plexus Locations

Answer 33

Buttocks, perineum, and most of the lower limbs

Question 34

Spinal nerves T2-T11 are called

Answer 34

-intercostal nerves

-between the ribs, skin of chest and back