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Endocrine > Structural and Functional Organization of the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Structural and Functional Organization of the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Major glands of the endocrine system

A

THOAPPP
Thyroid
Hypothalamus
Ovaries (and Testes)
Adrenals
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Pineal

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2
Q

A target cell will have how many receptors for a particular hormone?

A

2,000-100,000

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3
Q

two types of hormone compositions

A

lipid soluble vs water soluble

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4
Q

what are the lipid soluble hormones

A

steroid, thyroid, and nitric oxide

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5
Q

What are the water soluble hormones

A

Amino acids

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6
Q

how do hormones influence their target cells?

A

by chemically binding to specific protein receptors

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7
Q

what are hormone receptors

A

protein markers on a cell that allow a specific hormone to bind and be recognized.

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8
Q

what structure is known as the master switchboard?

A

the hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the master gland of the body?

A

the pituitary gland

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10
Q

how many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

nine

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11
Q

how many hormones does the pituitary secrete?

A

seven

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12
Q

what attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

infundibulum

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13
Q

what is the term for the blood vessels that connect the capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the pituitary? (the road for hormones)

A

Hypophyseal Portal Veins

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14
Q

GnRH releases what?

A

FSH and LH

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15
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone stimulates what?

A

HGH and IGF

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16
Q

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone inhibits what?

A

inhibits HGH and IGF

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17
Q

Thyroid releasing hormone stimulates what?

A

TSH

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18
Q

Prolactin releasing hormone stimulates what?

A

PR

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19
Q

prolactin inhibiting hormone inhibits what?

A

PR

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20
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone stimulates what?

A

ACHT

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21
Q

Where do both lobes of the pituitary gland rest?

A

in the hypophyseal fossa, a cup shaped depression in the sphenoid bone

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22
Q

What is a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones?

A

a Tropic Hormone

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23
Q

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A

hGH
TSH
FSH
LH
PRL
ACTH
MSH

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24
Q

which hormone promotes synthesis and secretion of insulinlike growth factor

A

hGH

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25
Q

what are proteins secreted mainly by cells in the liver, but also by cells in skeletal muscles, cartilage, bones, and other tissues in response to stimulation of hGH

A

IGFs

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26
Q

what are two hypothalamic hormones that control secretion of hGH?

A

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone
and
Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone

27
Q

what stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland? what releases it?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), released by Anterior Pituitary

28
Q

which hormone initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands?

A

Prolactin

29
Q

What suppresses release of prolactin most of the time?

A

Prolactin inhibiting protein (PIH)

30
Q

what stimulates release of Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)

A

pregnancy, (very high levels of estrogen)

31
Q

what controls the production and secretion of hormones called Glucocorticoids by the cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

32
Q

This hormone of the anterior pituitary is very little in humans and excessive amount can cause darkening of the skin?

A

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormones (MSH)

33
Q

the _______ contains axons and axon terminals of neurosecretory cells whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus.

A

posterior pituitary

34
Q

two hormones that are stored and released (not synthesized) by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

35
Q

what hormone released in large quantities enhances contraction of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of the uterus as well as stimulates milk ejection?

A

oxytocin

36
Q

what hormone casues the kidneys to retain more water, decreasing water loss through sweating, and can constrict arterioles causing an increase in blood pressure?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

37
Q

in the absence of ADH, urine output can increase to what in a day?

A

20 L

38
Q

what is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

to run the BMR

39
Q

what is BMR?

A

the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing, keeping the heart beating, and keeping the body warm.

40
Q

what makes up most of your thyroid gland?

A

Spherical sacs called thyroid follicles

41
Q

what produces Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) and lines the walls of thyroid follicles?

A

follicular cells

42
Q

what plays an important role in the maintenance of normal body temperature?

A

Thyroid Hormones

43
Q

what stimulates protein synthesis, use of glucose and fatty acid for ATP, increases breakdown of triglycerides and enhance cholesterol excretion?

A

thyroid hormones

44
Q

together with hGh and insulin, _______ stimulates body growth.

A

thyroid hormones

45
Q

what is released by the parafollicular cells and inhibits the action of osteoclasts?

A

Calcitonin

46
Q

what are the cells that break down bone?

A

osteoclasts

47
Q

what cells in the parathyroid gland secrete PTH?

A

Chief cels

48
Q

what is the major regulator of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions in the blood?

A

PTH

49
Q

what hormone increases the number of osteoclasts?

A

PTH

50
Q

what are the three changes in the kidney produced by PTH?

A

slows calcium, magnesium loss from blood into urine.

increases loss of phosphate in urine

promotes formation of Calcitrol

51
Q

which cells secrete glucagon in the pancreas?

A

Alpha

52
Q

release of glucagon is stimulated by _______ division of the autonomic nervous system.

A

sympathetic

53
Q

which cells secrete insulin in the pancreas?

A

Beta

54
Q

release of insulin from the pancreas is stimulated by the _____ division of the ANS.

A

parasympathetic

55
Q

what promotes the uptake of amino acids into the body cells and increases the synthesis of protein and fatty acid within the cells?

A

insulin

56
Q

what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

outer (Glomerulosa)
middle (Fasciculata)
inner (Reticularis)

57
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex release hormones called mineral corticoids (e.g. Aldosterone)

A

Glomerulosa

58
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex releases hormones called glucocorticoids (e.g. Cortisol)

A

Fasciculata

59
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex releases androgens?

A

the inner zone (Reticularis)

60
Q

what is the major mineral corticoid of the zona glomerulosa?

A

aldosterone

61
Q

aldosterone regulates which two mineral ions?

A

sodium and potassium

Sodium from the urine into the blood
stimulates excretion of K into urine

62
Q

what helps adjust blood pressure, and blood volume and promotes excretion of H+ in the urine?

A

aldosterone. part of the renin-angiotensin, aldosterone pathway.

63
Q

what is the action of glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) in the zona fasciculata?

A

protein breakdown
glucose formation
breakdown of triglycerides
anti inflammatory affects
depression of immune system

Endocrine (12 decks)

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