Structural and Functional Organization of the Endocrine System

Question 1

Major glands of the endocrine system

Answer 1

THOAPPP
Thyroid
Hypothalamus
Ovaries (and Testes)
Adrenals
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Pineal

Question 2

A target cell will have how many receptors for a particular hormone?

Answer 2

2,000-100,000

Question 3

two types of hormone compositions

Answer 3

lipid soluble vs water soluble

Question 4

what are the lipid soluble hormones

Answer 4

steroid, thyroid, and nitric oxide

Question 5

What are the water soluble hormones

Answer 5

Amino acids

Question 6

how do hormones influence their target cells?

Answer 6

by chemically binding to specific protein receptors

Question 7

what are hormone receptors

Answer 7

protein markers on a cell that allow a specific hormone to bind and be recognized.

Question 8

what structure is known as the master switchboard?

Answer 8

the hypothalamus

Question 9

What is the master gland of the body?

Answer 9

the pituitary gland

Question 10

how many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 10

nine

Question 11

how many hormones does the pituitary secrete?

Answer 11

seven

Question 12

what attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

Answer 12

infundibulum

Question 13

what is the term for the blood vessels that connect the capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the pituitary? (the road for hormones)

Answer 13

Hypophyseal Portal Veins

Question 14

GnRH releases what?

Answer 14

FSH and LH

Question 15

Growth hormone releasing hormone stimulates what?

Answer 15

HGH and IGF

Question 16

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone inhibits what?

Answer 16

inhibits HGH and IGF

Question 17

Thyroid releasing hormone stimulates what?

Answer 17

TSH

Question 18

Prolactin releasing hormone stimulates what?

Answer 18

PR

Question 19

prolactin inhibiting hormone inhibits what?

Answer 19

PR

Question 20

Corticotropin releasing hormone stimulates what?

Answer 20

ACHT

Question 21

Where do both lobes of the pituitary gland rest?

Answer 21

in the hypophyseal fossa, a cup shaped depression in the sphenoid bone

Question 22

What is a hormone that stimulates an endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones?

Answer 22

a Tropic Hormone

Question 23

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 23

hGH
TSH
FSH
LH
PRL
ACTH
MSH

Question 24

which hormone promotes synthesis and secretion of insulinlike growth factor

Answer 24

hGH

Question 25

what are proteins secreted mainly by cells in the liver, but also by cells in skeletal muscles, cartilage, bones, and other tissues in response to stimulation of hGH

Answer 25

IGFs

Question 26

what are two hypothalamic hormones that control secretion of hGH?

Answer 26

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone

Question 27

what stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland? what releases it?

Answer 27

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), released by Anterior Pituitary

Question 28

which hormone initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands?

Answer 28

Prolactin

Question 29

What suppresses release of prolactin most of the time?

Answer 29

Prolactin inhibiting protein (PIH)

Question 30

what stimulates release of Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)

Answer 30

pregnancy, (very high levels of estrogen)

Question 31

what controls the production and secretion of hormones called Glucocorticoids by the cortex of the adrenal gland?

Answer 31

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Question 32

This hormone of the anterior pituitary is very little in humans and excessive amount can cause darkening of the skin?

Answer 32

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormones (MSH)

Question 33

the _______ contains axons and axon terminals of neurosecretory cells whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus.

Answer 33

posterior pituitary

Question 34

two hormones that are stored and released (not synthesized) by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 34

Oxytocin Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 35

what hormone released in large quantities enhances contraction of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of the uterus as well as stimulates milk ejection?

Answer 35

oxytocin

Question 36

what hormone casues the kidneys to retain more water, decreasing water loss through sweating, and can constrict arterioles causing an increase in blood pressure?

Answer 36

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 37

in the absence of ADH, urine output can increase to what in a day?

Answer 37

20 L

Question 38

what is the function of the thyroid gland?

Answer 38

to run the BMR

Question 39

what is BMR?

Answer 39

the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing, keeping the heart beating, and keeping the body warm.

Question 40

what makes up most of your thyroid gland?

Answer 40

Spherical sacs called thyroid follicles

Question 41

what produces Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) and lines the walls of thyroid follicles?

Answer 41

follicular cells

Question 42

what plays an important role in the maintenance of normal body temperature?

Answer 42

Thyroid Hormones

Question 43

what stimulates protein synthesis, use of glucose and fatty acid for ATP, increases breakdown of triglycerides and enhance cholesterol excretion?

Answer 43

thyroid hormones

Question 44

together with hGh and insulin, _______ stimulates body growth.

Answer 44

thyroid hormones

Question 45

what is released by the parafollicular cells and inhibits the action of osteoclasts?

Answer 45

Calcitonin

Question 46

what are the cells that break down bone?

Answer 46

osteoclasts

Question 47

what cells in the parathyroid gland secrete PTH?

Answer 47

Chief cels

Question 48

what is the major regulator of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions in the blood?

Answer 48

PTH

Question 49

what hormone increases the number of osteoclasts?

Answer 49

PTH

Question 50

what are the three changes in the kidney produced by PTH?

Answer 50

slows calcium, magnesium loss from blood into urine. increases loss of phosphate in urine promotes formation of Calcitrol

Question 51

which cells secrete glucagon in the pancreas?

Answer 51

Alpha

Question 52

release of glucagon is stimulated by _______ division of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 52

sympathetic

Question 53

which cells secrete insulin in the pancreas?

Answer 53

Beta

Question 54

release of insulin from the pancreas is stimulated by the _____ division of the ANS.

Answer 54

parasympathetic

Question 55

what promotes the uptake of amino acids into the body cells and increases the synthesis of protein and fatty acid within the cells?

Answer 55

insulin

Question 56

what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 56

outer (Glomerulosa) middle (Fasciculata) inner (Reticularis)

Question 57

which zone of the adrenal cortex release hormones called mineral corticoids (e.g. Aldosterone)

Answer 57

Glomerulosa

Question 58

which zone of the adrenal cortex releases hormones called glucocorticoids (e.g. Cortisol)

Answer 58

Fasciculata

Question 59

which zone of the adrenal cortex releases androgens?

Answer 59

the inner zone (Reticularis)

Question 60

what is the major mineral corticoid of the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 60

aldosterone

Question 61

aldosterone regulates which two mineral ions?

Answer 61

sodium and potassium Sodium from the urine into the blood stimulates excretion of K into urine

Question 62

what helps adjust blood pressure, and blood volume and promotes excretion of H+ in the urine?

Answer 62

aldosterone. part of the renin-angiotensin, aldosterone pathway.

Question 63

what is the action of glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) in the zona fasciculata?

Answer 63

protein breakdown glucose formation breakdown of triglycerides anti inflammatory affects depression of immune system