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Dermatology > STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF TISSUES > Flashcards

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF TISSUES Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What type of Tissue?
(a) Generates the physical force to make the body structures move
(b) Arranged in bundles
(c) Contractile cells that provide the ability to move the body in three dimensions
(d) Well supplied with blood vessels (lots of energy & waste requirements).

A

Muscle Tissue

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2
Q

What type of Tissue?
-Detects changes inside/outside the body
-Initiates & transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities & help maintain homeostasis
–1) Brain and spinal cord (CNS)
–2) Nerves (PNS)

A

Nervous Tissue

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3
Q

What type of tissue?
(a) Integumentary System is comprised of
–1) Skin, Hair, Nails
–2) Accessory Structures
–3) Covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts (tubes); and forms glands

A

Epithelial tissue

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4
Q

What type of Tissue?
(a) Protects and supports the body and its organs
(b) Binds organs together
(c) Stores energy reserves as fat
(d) Provides immunity

A

Connective Tissue

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5
Q

What feature of epithelial tissue?
(1) They provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and extracellular matrix.
(2) They maintain paracellular barrier of epithelia (barrier in between cells) and control transport of materials or signals between cells (paracellular transport).
(3) are dense in epithelial tissues because the tissue needs to maintain both strength and integrity in a wide variety of conditions.

A

Cell junctions

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6
Q

Medical term for skin and main portion of the integumentary system.

A

(b) Epithelium

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7
Q

What type of cell junction
Form barrier against water and antigens passing between individual epithelial cells.

A

Tight Junction

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8
Q

What type of cell junction
Cell-cell adhesions continuously assembled & disassembled so cells can respond changes in their microenvironment

A

Ahderens Junctions

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9
Q

What type of cell junction
Form stable adhesive junctions between cells.

A

Desmosomes

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10
Q

What type of cell junction
Allows various molecules & electrical signals to pass freely between cells

A

Gap Junctions

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11
Q

What type of cell junction
Facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane.

A

Hemidesmosomes

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12
Q

Epithelial tissue is broadly categorized as either what?

A

(a) Covering and lining epithelium
(b) Glandular epithelium.

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13
Q

What category of epithelial tissue?
(a) Covering of the skin & outer covering of some internal organs.
(b) Lines body cavities, blood vessels, and ducts.
(c) Lines interior of respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.
(d) Integral part of sense organs for hearing, vision and touch.

A

Covering and Lining Epithelium

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14
Q

What category of epithelial tissue?
Secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands

A

Glandular epithelium

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15
Q

Epithelial Tissue Anatomy
(1) _________ - most superficial layer of cells
(2) _________ - deepest layer of the cells
(3) _________ is the:
–(a) Thin extracellular structure composed mostly of protein fibers
–(b) Located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer
–(c) Helps to bind and support the epithelium

A
  1. Apical layer
  2. Basal layer
  3. Basement membrane
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16
Q

2 ways of classifying epithelial tissue
(1) ________- Classification of epithelial cells based on shape
(2) ________- Classification of epithelial cells based on number of layers

A
  1. Morphology
  2. Stratification
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17
Q

Morphology
(1) ________ – Shaped like pancakes
(2) ________ – Shaped like the tesseract in Captain America
(3) ________ – Shaped like the colum block in Tetris
(4) ________ – Changes shape like the T-1000 in T2: Judegment Day

A
  1. Squamous Epithelium
  2. Cuboidal Epithelium
  3. Columnar Epithelium
  4. Transitional Epithelium
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18
Q

What morphology of epithelial tissue
(1) Thin, flat shape allows rapid passage of substances through them
(2) Can be keratinized or non-keratinized; “wet” or “dry” depending on their location in the body
(3) Found in areas such as the lining of the esophagus, mouth and cervix

A

Squamous Epithelium

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19
Q

What morphology of epithelial tissue
(1) Tall as they are wide and shaped like cubes or hexagons
(2) Frequently have microvilli at apical surface
(3) Function in either secretion or absorption
(4) Found in areas such as the salivary glands and thyroid follicles

A

Cuboidal Epithelium

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20
Q

What morphology of epithelial tissue
(1) Taller than they are wide
(2) Protect underlying tissues
(3) Apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli
(4) Often specialized for secretion and absorption
(5) Lines most organs of the GI tract, respiratory tract, and fallopian tubes

A

Columnar Epithelium

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21
Q

What morphology of epithelial tissue
(1) Able to change shape from flat to cuboidal and back depending on tension & distention of tissue.
(2) Useful for organs such as the urinary bladder, when it is stretching (distend) to a larger size and then as it collapses to a smaller size.

A

Transitional Epithelium

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22
Q

What morphology of epithelial tissue
(1) A single layer of cells that functions in a diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion and absorption.
(2) Secretion: Production and release of substances.
(3) Absorption: Intake of fluids or other substances.
(4) Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
(5) Diffusion: Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

Simple epithelium

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23
Q

What morphology of epithelial tissue
(1) It is simple epithelium that appears be stratified because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface.
(2) However, it is still simple epithelium because all the cells rest on the basement membrane.
–(a) Cells that do extend to the apical surface may contain cilia.
(3) One specialized type of pseudostratified cell are goblet cells, which secrete mucus and are an integral part of mucous membranes.

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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24
Q

Definition of what
-increase the surface area of a cell by multiplying the area from 2 dimensions to 3 dimensions.
-enable the absorption and secretion of far more nutrients/material because they expand the active surface area by orders of magnitude.

A

Microvilli

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25
Q

Microvilli vs cilia

A

-Microvilli on cellular surfaces enable the absorption and secretion
-Cilia provide two forms of locomotion depending on the cell

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26
Q

_______ is a highly-insoluble fibrous protein with water-proofing qualities & high friction resistance.

A

Keratin

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27
Q

Epithelial cells infused with keratin in the stratum basale of the epidermis are called..

A

keratinocytes.

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28
Q

True/False
Keratinocytes are living cells

A

False
Keratinocytes lose their nucleus and organelles to make room for keratin; they are no longer living cells.

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29
Q

Keratinized vs Non-keratinized stratified epithelium

(a) Found on wet/interior surfaces exposed to considerable wear & tear.
(b) Found in lining of mouth cavity, tongue, pharynx, esophagus and vagina.

A

Non-keratinized stratified epithelium

30
Q

Keratinized vs Non-keratinized stratified epithelium

(a) Found on dry/outer surfaces where resistance to both friction & water is needed.
(b) Outer epidermis consists of keratinocytes that provide protection against water, friction, abrasion, and microorganisms.

A

Keratinized stratified epithelium

31
Q

4) Connective tissues typically have what three components?

A

(a) Resident Cells
(b) Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
(c) Protein fibers.

32
Q

This defines what?
Extracellular material produced by the connective tissue cells embedded within it.
Major component of this is a ground substance crisscrossed by protein fibers.

A

Matrix

33
Q

What type of connective tissue cell?
(1) Most common cells in connective tissue.
(2) Produce & maintain most of the tissue’s extracellular components.
(3) Synthesize & secrete collagen and elastin
(4) Major component of the reparative capacity of connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts

34
Q

What type of connective tissue cell?
(1) AKA fat cells or adipose cells or adipose tissue
(2) Specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipid as neutral fats, or less commonly for production of heat.
(3) Large population of these cells, (adipose connective tissue) serves to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs.

A

Adipocytes

35
Q

What type of connective tissue cell?
(1) Components of loose connective tissues, often located near small blood vessels in the skin.
(2) Function in localized release of compounds important to inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair.

A

Mast Cells

36
Q

What type of CT fiber
(1) Composed of elastin
(2) Strength and elasticity
(3) Have rubberlike properties that allow tissue containing these fibers to be stretched or distended and return to their original shape.
(4) Found in areas such as the stroma of the lungs

A

Elastic fibers

37
Q

What type of CT fiber
(1) Compromised of glycogen and glycoprotein.
(2) Provide strength and support in the walls of small blood vessels.
(3) Stroma supporting framework of many soft organs; most notably the immune system, liver, endocrine glands, spleen, lymph nodes.

A

Reticular Fibers

38
Q

What type of membrane
(1) Line entire GI, respiratory, reproductive, and much of the urinary system
(2) Epithelial layer secretes mucous (mucin) via goblet cells.

A

Mucous Membranes

39
Q

Mucous Membrane functions:
(a) _______ : Prevents cavities from drying out.
(b) _______: Traps particles in the respiratory tract.
(c) _____: Lubricates and absorbs food as it moves through the tract, secretes digestive enzymes.
(d) ______ : Helps bind the epithelium to underlying structures.

A

a. General
b. Resp
c. GI
d. Derm

40
Q

_____ Membranes
Lines a body cavity that doesn’t open directly to exterior & covers organs that lie within the cavity.

A

Serous Membranes

41
Q

Serous Membranes
1) _______: Attached to the cavity wall.
2) _______: Part that covers and attaches to the organs.
3) _______: Secretes serous fluid and provides lubrication for organ movement
4) _______: Lining thoracic cavity and covering the lungs.
5) _______: Lining the heart cavity and covering the heart.
6) _______: Lining abdominal cavity and abdominal organs.

A

1) Parietal
2) Visceral
3) Mesothelium
4) Pleura
5) Pericardium
6) Peritoneum

42
Q

_______ Membranes
(1) Lines joints
(2) Composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue with collagen fibers.
(3) No epithelial layer
(4) Secrete synovial fluid

A

Synovial Membranes

43
Q

________ reduces friction, lubricates & nourishes cartilage, and removes microbes/debris from the joint cavity

A

Synovial fluid

44
Q

Epidermis
(1) ______ layer of the skin
(2) Consists primarily of continually regenerating _____ cells.
(3) Different layers of the epidermis represent keratinocytes at differing stages of their approximately ____-day life cycle.
(4) Epidermal Thickness varies by location and age:
(a) 75 to 150 μm in thin skin (eyelids) to 0.4 to 1.5 mm in thick skin (palms and soles).
(5) Epidermis lacks any vascular structures & obtains all nutrients from the _________ by diffusion

A

1) Outermost
2) keratinocytes
3) 30 day
5) dermal vasculature

45
Q

What part of the Epidermis
(a) Cells here consist mostly of keratin.
(b) Cells here are shed & replaced from below.

A

Stratum Corneum

46
Q

What part of the epidermis
Found only in palms & soles of the hands & feet

A

Stratum Lucidum

47
Q

What layer of the epidermis
Stem cells layer; new cells arise here

A

Stratum Basale

48
Q

Dermis
(1) Layer of skin located between the epidermis and subcutaneous (hypodermis) tissues.
–(a) Primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and functions to cushionthe body from _______.
–(b) A _______ always occurs between the stratum basale of the epidermis and the dermis
–(c) Nutrients for keratinocytes diffuse into the avascular epidermis from the _________ through the basement membrane

A

(a) stress and strain
(b) basement membrane
(c) dermal vasculature

49
Q

Melanocytes
(1) Specialized cells of the epidermis and hair follicle; primary function is to synthesis and transfer ________ to adjacent keratinocytes.
(2)Melanin synthesis occurs in a specialized organelle, the _______
(3)Melanocyte numbers are similar in individuals of different racial backgrounds; differences of pigmentation result from the amount & quality of melanin in the skin.

A

1) melanin
2) melanosome

50
Q

Merkel Cells
(1) Touch and pressure are sensed by four types of ______ in the skin
(2) Merkel cells are expanded ________ in epidermis of glabrous skin that respond to sustained pressure and touch
(3) Consist of tactile disc and neuron for _____ sensation

A

1) mechanoreceptors
2) dendritic endings
3) touch

51
Q

Dendritic Cells
(1) Typically found within the ____
(2) Form a mobile and dense network of cells that sampling any antigens that attempt to pass through the epidermis
(3) These monocyte-derived cells represent a large part of the skin’s _______.

A

1) stratum spinosum
3) adaptive immunity

52
Q

What are the derm specific exocrine glands?

A

(a)Sebaceous
(b)Sudoriferous

53
Q

What type of gland?
(1) An exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle and secretes anoily/waxy sebum.
-(a) Sebum lubricates the hair in humans and other mammals.
(2) Found in all areas of the skin except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

A

Sebaceous Glands

54
Q

What Gland?
1) Largely confined to the axillae, perineum, and the concentrated in hairy areas.
(2)Attached to the hair follicle; apocrine sweat empties onto the skin via the follicle opening
(3) Sweat excreted is cloudy, viscous, initially odorless. However, serves as a nutrient source for microbes and attains it characteristic odor upon being degraded by bacteria.
(4) do not become functional until puberty and have a hormonal activation pattern

A

Sudoriferous - Apocrine Glands

55
Q

Nails Anatomy
(1) _____: Distal margin of nail plate
(2) ______: Portion of the nail that is visible; colored pink becauseof underlying capillaries
-(a) Surrounded by a soft tissue border known as the lateral and proximal nail folds
(3) _______: Visible part of the matrix; whitish crescent at base of nailplate
(4) _____: Semi-circular layer of epithelial cells (stratum corneum) covering the proximal portion of nail plate

A

1) Free edge
2) Nail body (plate)
3) Lunula (little moon)
4) Cuticle

56
Q

Nail Anatomy
(1) ______: Thickened area of stratum corneum beneath the free edge that attachesthe free edge to the fingertip
(2) ______: Portion of the nail that is not visible
(3) ______: Proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root where new nail cells are produced

A

1) Nail bed
2) Nail root
3) Nail matrix

57
Q

These produce what skin color
1) High melanin rate = ______________
2) High carotene rate = _________
3) High hemoglobin rate = ____________

A

1) darker brown to black skin tones
2) yellow to reddish tones
3) red to pinkish tone

58
Q

_______ are yellow colored, lipid-soluble compounds found in red, orange, yellow and green vegetables and fruit

A

Carotenoids

59
Q

What issue?
(1) A genetic (recessive-inherited) condition characterized by little or no melanin pigment the eyes, skin or hair.
(2) Occurs worldwide and affects people of all races. Males and females alike can have the condition.
(3 )Main health complications consist of:
–(a) Easily burning 2/2 UV exposure
–(b) Increased chance of getting skin cancers, mainly squamous cell carcinomas

A

Albinism

60
Q

What issue??
(1) Acquired depigmentation the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes
(2) Affects 0.5–1% of the population, and occurs in all races, however, far more dramatic presentation in darker skinned individuals
(3) Thought to be a systemic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack the melanocytes

A

Vitiligo

61
Q

Protection
(1) ________ produced in the epidermis that protects from microbes, abrasion, heat, water loss, and chemicals.
(2) ______ released by lamellar granules inhibit evaporation of water from the skin surface and prevent dehydration
(3) _______ provides protection against damaging effects of UV light.
(4 )_______ prevent hair from drying out, are mildly bactericidal and have acidic pH

A
  1. Keratin (protein)
  2. Lipids (fats)
  3. Melanin (pigment)
  4. Sebum (fat, wax esters, fatty acids)
62
Q

Vibration is sensed by what type of exteroreceptors? (Tactile sensations)

A

Meissner Corpuscles

63
Q

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation activates vitamin D.
-Vitamin D is converted to calcitriol which aids in the absorption of _______ and _______.

A

calcium and phosphorus

64
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A

(a) Localized Hyperthermia (due to increased blood flow)
(b) Erythema (due to dilation of blood vessels)
(c) Localized Edema (due to increased vessels permeability & extravasation of fluid)
(d) Pain (due to chemical mediators like bradykinin)
(e) Loss of function (due to all above)

65
Q

What type of Derm Inflammation pattern
(a) Characterized by formation of granulomas and is common in certain diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis, ect.)
(b) This is an aggregation of macrophages formed from chronic inflammation. Immune system attempts to isolate foreign substances that it cannot eliminate (pathogens, foreign objects, keratin, suture fragments).

A

Granulomatous Inflammation (cystic)

66
Q

What type of Derm Inflammation pattern
(a) Characterized by the presence of an amorphous mass (abscess) composed of active neutrophils, cellular debris and microbes
(b) Generally caused by certain pyogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and often forms an abscess

A

Suppurative Inflammation (abscesses)

67
Q

What type of Derm Inflammation pattern
(a) Inflammation occurring near epithelium that results in necrotic loss of surface tissue that exposes lower layers

A

Ulcerative inflammation (ulcers)

68
Q

Most important source of preventable extrinsic aging is ultraviolet radiation exposure termed _______

A

“photo-aging”

69
Q

What type of CT fiber
1) Abundant (25% of all protein in body)
(2) Very strong and resistant to shear forces
(3) Key element of all connective tissues, as well as epithelial basement membranes

A

Collagen Fibers

70
Q

Microvilli vs cilia

A

-Microvilli on cellular surfaces enable the absorption and secretion
-Cilia provide two forms of locomotion depending on the cell

Dermatology (28 decks)

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