STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF TISSUES

Question 1

What are the four types of human tissues?

Answer 1

1. Muscle tissue
2. Nervous tissue
3. Epithelial tissue
4. Connective tissue

Question 2

What tissue generates the physical force to male the body structures move?

Answer 2

Muscle tissue

Question 3

What tissue is arranged in bundles and are contractile cells that provide the ability to move the body in three dimensions?

Answer 3

Muscle tissue

Question 4

What tissue detects changes inside/outside the body and initiates and transmits impulses that coordinate body activities and help maintain homeostasis?

Answer 4

Nervous tissue

Question 5

The following is included in what tissue of the body?

1. Skin
2. Hair
3. Nails
4. Accessory structures

Answer 5

Epithelial tissue

Question 6

What is the medical term for the skin and main portion of the integumentary system?

Answer 6

Epithelium

Question 7

What covers the body surfaces; lines the body cavities, hollow organs and ducts (tubes); and forms glands?

Answer 7

Epithelial tissue

Question 8

What protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy together, and helps provide immunity?

Answer 8

Connective tissue

Question 9

What provides contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and extracellular matrix?

Answer 9

Cell junctions

Question 10

What maintains a paracellular barrier of epithelia (barrier in between cells) and controls the transport of material or signals between cells (paracellular transport)?

Answer 10

Cell Junctions

Question 11

What are dense in epithelial tissues because the tissue needs to maintain both strength and integrity in a wide variety of conditions?

Answer 11

Cell junctions

Question 12

What kind of cell junctions form a barrier against water and antigens passing between individual epithelial cells?

Answer 12

Tight junctions

Question 13

What kind of cell junctions are cell-cell adhesions continuously assembled and disassembled so cells can respond to changes in their microenvironment?

Answer 13

Adherens Junctions

Question 14

What forms stable adhesive junctions between cells?

Answer 14

Desmosomes

Question 15

What cell junction allows various molecules and electrical signals to pass freely between cells?

Answer 15

Gap junctions

Question 16

What facilitates the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane?

Answer 16

Hemidesmosomes

Question 17

Epithelial tissue is broadly categorized into what?

Answer 17

1. Covering and lining epithelium

2. Glandular epithelium

Question 18

What form of epithelium has the following functions?

1. Covers external surfaces of the body and some internal organs
2. Lines body cavities, blood vessels, and ducts
3. Lines interior of respiratory, GI, urinary and reproductive systems
4. Integral part of sense organs for hearing, vision, and touch

Answer 18

Covering and lining epithelium

Question 19

What form of epithelium is the secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands?

Answer 19

Glandular epithelium

Question 20

Epithelial Tissue

What is the most superficial layer of cells?

Answer 20

Apical layer

Question 21

Epithelial Tissue

What is the deepest layer of the cell?

Answer 21

Basal layer

Question 22

What is the thin extracellular structure composed mostly of protein fibers that is located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer; helps to bind and support the epithelium?

Answer 22

Basement membrane

Question 23

What are the two ways of classifying epithelial tissue?

Answer 23

1. Morphology

2. Stratification

Question 24

What is the classification of epithelial cells based on shape?

Answer 24

Morphology

Question 25

What is the classification of epithelial cells based on the number of layers?

Answer 25

Stratification

Question 26

What kind of epithelium is shaped like pancakes?

Answer 26

Squamous epithelium

Question 27

What kind of epithelium is shaped like the tesseract in Captain America?

Answer 27

Cuboidal epithelium

Question 28

What kind of epithelium is shaped like the column block in Tetris?

Answer 28

Columnar Epithelium

Question 29

What kind of epithelium changes shape like the T-1000 in T2: Judgement Day ?

Answer 29

Transitional epithelium

Question 30

What epithelium is thin and flat shaped and allows rapid passage of substances; can be keratinized or non-keratinized; “wet” or “dry” depending on their location in the body?

Answer 30

Squamous epithelium

Question 31

What epithelium can be found in areas such as the lining of the esophagus, mouth, and cervix?

Answer 31

Squamous epithelium

Question 32

What form of epithelium is as tall as it is wide and shaped like cubes or hexagons?

Answer 32

Cuboidal epithelium

Question 33

What epithelium frequently have microvilli at the apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption?

Answer 33

Cuboidal epithelium

Question 34

What epithelium is found in areas such as the salivary glands and thyroid follicles?

Answer 34

Cuboidal epithelium

Question 35

What form of epithelium is taller than it is wide, protects underlying tissues, and the apical surface may have cilia or microvilli?

Answer 35

Columnar epithelium

Question 36

What form of epithelium often is specialized for secretion and absorption and lines most organs of the GI tract, respiratory tract, and fallopian tubes?

Answer 36

Columnar epithelium

Question 37

What epithelium is able to change shape from flat to cuboidal and back depending on tension and distension of tissue?

Answer 37

Transitional epithelium

Question 38

What epithelium is useful for organs such as the urinary bladder, when it is stretching (distend) to a larger size and then as it collapses to a smaller size?

Answer 38

Transitional epithelium

Question 39

What form of epithelium is a single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption?

Answer 39

Simple epithelium

Question 40

What is the production and release of substances?

Answer 40

Secretion

Question 41

What is the intake of fluids or other substances?

Answer 41

Absorption

Question 42

What is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area or lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?

Answer 42

Osmosis

Question 43

What is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

Answer 43

Diffusion

Question 44

What is simple epithelium that appears stratified because the nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface, but still simple epithelium because all the cells rest on the basement membrane?

Cells that extend to the apical surface may contain cilia

Answer 44

Pseudostratified epithelium

Question 45

What is one specialized type of pseudostratified cells that secrete mucus and are an integral part of mucous membranes?

Answer 45

Goblet cells

Question 46

What provides two forms of locomotion depending on the cell?

1. Movement of the cell itself, like bacteria or some parasites
2. Movement of particles or substances across or around the cell

Answer 46

Cilia in ciliated epithelial cells

Question 47

True or false

In mammals, cilia help remove contaminant or move particles by moving fluids over the cell layers

Answer 47

True

Question 48

True or False

Microvilli on epithelial cells increase the surface area of a cell by multiplying the area from 2 dimensions to 3 dimensions

Answer 48

True

Question 49

What on the cellular surface enables the absorption and secretion of far more nutrients/materials because they expand the active surface area by orders of magnitude?

Answer 49

Microvilli

Question 50

These are all uses of what?

1. Help anchor sperm to the egg for easier fertilization
2. In WBC, they act as an anchoring point and aid in the migration of white blood cells
3. May sweep unwanted material toward and absorptive area of the cell

Answer 50

Microvilli

Question 51

What is a highly-insoluble fibrous protein with water proofing qualities and high friction resistance?

Answer 51

Keratin

Question 52

What are epithelial cells infused with keratin in the stratum basale of the epithelium called?

Answer 52

Keratinocytes

Question 53

True or False

Keratinocytes lose their nucleus and organelles to make room for keratin. They are still living cells

Answer 53

False

They are no longer living cells after losing their nucleus and organelles

Question 54

Non-keratinized or Keratinized Epithelium?

1. Found on wet/interior surfaces exposed to considerable wear and tear
2. Found in the lining of the mouth cavity, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, and vagina

Answer 54

Non-keratinized Epithelium

Question 55

Non-keratinized or Keratinized Epithelium?

1. Found on dry/outer surfaces where resistance to both friction and water is needed
2. outer epidermis provides protection against water, friction, abrasion, and microorganisms

Answer 55

Keratinized epithelium

Question 56

What kind of tissue supports and physically connects other tissues/cells together to form the organs of the body?

Answer 56

Connective tissue

Question 57

What form of tissue has a lot of cells but has low extracellular space?

Answer 57

Epithelial tissue

Question 58

What kind of tissue has a low amount of cells but a larger extracellular surface?

Answer 58

Connective tissue

Question 59

What are the three components of connective tissues?

Answer 59

1. resident cells
2. extracellular matrix (ECM)
3. Protein fibers

Question 60

What is the extracellular material produced by the connective tissue cells embedded within it?

Answer 60

Matrix

Question 61

True or False

Major component of the matrix is ground substance crisscrossed by protein fibers (ground substance is fluid, mineralized or solid)

Answer 61

True

Question 62

What are the most common cells in the connective tissue that produce and maintain most of the tissues extracellular components?

Answer 62

Fibroblasts

Question 63

What CT cells synthesize and secretes collagen and elastin, major component of the reparative capacity of connective tissue?

Answer 63

Fibroblasts

Question 64

What CT cells are also known as fat cells, adipose cells, or adipose tissue?

Answer 64

Adipocytes

Question 65

What CT cells are specialized for cytoplasmic storage of lipids as neutral fats, or less commonly for production of heat?

Answer 65

Adipocytes

Question 66

What large population of cells serves to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs?

Answer 66

Adipocytes

Question 67

What do mast cells secrete?

Answer 67

Histamine

Question 68

What CT cells are components of loose connective tissue often located near small blood vessels in the skin?

Answer 68

Mast cells

Question 69

What CT cells function in the localized release of compounds important to the inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair?

Answer 69

Mast cells

Question 70

What CT fibers are very abundant (25% of all protein in the body), very strong and resistant to shearing forces, and are a key element of all connective tissues, as well as epithelial basement membranes?

Answer 70

Collagen fibers

Question 71

What CT fibers are composed of elastin, function in strength and elasticity, have rubberlike properties that allow tissues containing to be stretched or distended and return to their original shape?

Answer 71

Elastic fibers

Found in areas such as the stroma of the lungs

Question 72

What CT fibers are compromised of glycogen and glycoprotein?

Answer 72

Reticular fibers

Question 73

What CT fibers provide strength and support in the walls of small blood vessels?

Answer 73

Reticular fibers

Question 74

True or False

Reticular fibers

Stroma supporting framework of many soft organs; most notably the immune system, liver, endocrine glands, spleen, and lymph nodes

Answer 74

True

Question 75

What lines the entire GI, respiratory, reproductive, and much of the urinary system?

Answer 75

Mucous membranes

Epithelial layer secretes mucous (mucin) via goblet cells

Question 76

What serves the following functions?

1. General: Prevents cavities from drying out
2. Resp: traps particles in the respiratory tract
3. GI: lubricates and absorbs food as it moves through the tract, secretes digestive enzymes
4. Derm: helps bind the epithelium to underlying structures

Answer 76

Mucous membranes

Question 77

What lines body cavities that don’t open directly to the exterior and covers organs that lie within the cavity?

Answer 77

Serous membrane

Question 78

Parietal, Visceral, or Mesothelium?

Attached to cavity wall

Answer 78

Parietal

Question 79

Parietal, Visceral, or Mesothelium?

Part that covers and attaches to the organs

Answer 79

Visceral

Question 80

Parietal, Visceral, or Mesothelium?

Secretes serous fluid and provides lubrication for organ movement

Answer 80

Mesothelium

Question 81

What is the lining of the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs?

Answer 81

Pleura

Question 82

What is the lining of the heart cavity and covers the heart?

Answer 82

Pericardium

Question 83

What is the lining of the abdominal cavity and the abdominal organs?

Answer 83

Peritoneum

Question 84

What lines joints and is composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue with collagen fibers?

Answer 84

Synovial membranes

Question 85

What contains no epithelial layer and secretes synovial fluid?

Answer 85

Synovial membranes

Question 86

What fluid reduces friction, lubricates and nourishes cartilage, and removes microbes/debris from the joint cavity?

Answer 86

Synovial fluid

Question 87

What is the surface layer of the skin and is comprised of epithelial tissue?

Answer 87

Epidermis

Question 88

What lies inferior/deep to the epidermis and is comprised of connective tissue?

Answer 88

Dermis

Question 89

What lies inferior/deep to the dermis and is not part of the skin?

Answer 89

Subcutaneous (hypodermis)

Question 90

What is the outermost later of the skin and consists primarily of continually regenerating keratinocytes?

Answer 90

Epidermis

Question 91

What is the approximate lifecycle of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

Answer 91

30 days

Question 92

What layer of the skin lacks any vascular structures and obtains all nutrients from the dermal vasculature by diffusion?

Answer 92

Epidermis

Question 93

What layer of the epidermis are cells that consist mostly of keratin and cells are shed and replaced from below?

Answer 93

Stratum corneum

Question 94

What layer of the epidermis is found only in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet?

Answer 94

Stratum lucidum

Question 95

What layer of the epidermis is where it is losing cell organelles and nuclei and the infusion of waterproofing lipids?

Answer 95

Stratum Granulosum

Question 96

In what layer of the epidermis are cells beginning to flatten?

Answer 96

Stratum spinosum

Question 97

In what layer of the epidermis is the stem cell layer where new cells are arising?

Answer 97

Stratum Basale

Question 98

What is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous (hypodermis) tissues?

Answer 98

Dermis

Question 99

What layer if skin primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and functions to cushion the body from stress and strain?

Answer 99

Dermis

Question 100

True or False

Dermis

A basement membrane always occurs between the stratum basale of the epidermis and the dermis

Answer 100

True

Question 101

True or False

Nutrients from keratinocytes diffuse into the avascular epidermis from the dermal vasculature through the basement membrane

Answer 101

True

Question 102

What is the layer of the epidermis directly underneath the epidermis?

Answer 102

Papillary layer (loose areolar tissue)

Question 103

What layer of the dermis contains the terminal endings of capillaries, lymph vessels and sensory neurons; these extend from the dermis toward the epidermis in the dermal papillae?

Answer 103

Papillary layer

Question 104

What layer of the dermis is thicker than the overlying papillary dermis; compromised of a dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it?

Answer 104

Reticular layer

Question 105

True or False

The reticular layer of the dermis contains the roots of hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels

Answer 105

True

Question 106

What are specialized cells of the epidermis and the hair follicles whose primary function is synthesis and transfer of melanin to adjacent keratinocytes?

Answer 106

Melanocytes

Question 107

Where does melanin synthesis occur?

Answer 107

Melanosomes

Question 108

What are expanded dendritic endings the epidermis of glabrous skin that responds to sustained pressure and touch?

Answer 108

Merkel cells

Question 109

What consists of tactile discs and neurons for touch sensation?

Answer 109

Merkel cells

Question 110

What is typically found within the stratum spinosum, form a mobile and dense network of cells that samples any antigens that attempt to pass through the epidermis, and these monocyte-derived cells represent a large part of the skin’s adaptive immunity?

Answer 110

Dendritic cells

Question 111

What derm glands release secretions directly into the blood stream?

Answer 111

Endocrine glands

Question 112

What derm glands release secretions onto an epithelial serface via a duct and plays a major role in derm?

Answer 112

Exocrine glands

Question 113

What are some examples of derm exocrine glands

Answer 113

1. Sebaceous

2. Sudoriferous (sweat glands)

Question 114

What is an exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle and secretes an oily/waxy sebum?

Answer 114

Sebaceous glands

Question 115

What lubricates the hair in humans and other mammals ?

Answer 115

Sebum

Question 116

Are sebaceous glands found in the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet?

Answer 116

NOPE

Question 117

Sebaceous glands work in conjunction with _____ in thermoregulation

Answer 117

apocrine glands

Question 118

What sudoriferous glands cover nearly the entire body surface; especially dense on the palms, soles, foreheads and upper limbs?

Answer 118

Eccrine glands

Question 119

What glands empty directly onto the surface of the skin, not from hair follicles and serves a major role in the thermoregulation component of the integumentary system?

Answer 119

Eccrine glands

Question 120

True or False

There is odor associated with eccrine glands

Answer 120

False

Minimal odors from eccrine sweat

Question 121

What sudoriferous glands are largely confined to the axillae, perineum, and concentrated in hairy areas?

Answer 121

Apocrine glands

Question 122

What glands are attached to the hair follicle, the sweat produced from these glands empties onto the skin via the follicle opening?

Answer 122

Apocrine glands

Question 123

What sudoriferous glands do not become functional until puberty and have a hormonal activation pattern ?

Answer 123

Apocrine glands

Question 124

True or False

Apocrine sweat is cloudy, viscous, and initially odorless; however, serves as a nutrient source for microbes and attain its characteristic odor upon being degraded by bacteria

Answer 124

True

Question 125

What is the distal margin of the nail plate?

Answer 125

Free edge

Question 126

What is the portion of the nail that is visible; colored pink because of underlying capillaries?

Answer 126

Nail body (plate)

Question 127

What portion of the nail is surrounded by a soft tissue border known as the lateral and proximal nail folds?

Answer 127

Nail body (plate)

Question 128

What is the visible part of the matrix of the nail, the whitish crescent at the base of the nail plate?

Answer 128

Lunula (little moon)

Question 129

What is the semi-circular later of epithelial cells (stratum corneum) covering the proximal portion of the nail plate?

Answer 129

Cuticle

Question 130

What is the thicker area of the stratum corneum beneath the free edge that attaches the free edge to the fingertip?

Answer 130

Nail bed

Question 131

What is the portion of the nail that is not visible?

Answer 131

Nail root

Question 132

What is the proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root where new nail cells are produced?

Answer 132

Nail matrix

Question 133

What protects distal phalanxes and surrounding tissues from injuries?

Answer 133

Nails

Question 134

What enhances precise and delicate finger movement by exerting counter pressure on the pulps of the fingers when grasping and manipulating objects as well as enable “extended precision grip” for pulling and certain cutting or scraping actions?

Answer 134

Nails

Question 135

Fingernails grow approx ___ mm per month and require ____ months to regrow completely

Answer 135

1. 3.5mm

2. 3-6 months

Question 136

Toenails grow approx ___ per month and require ____months to regrow completely

Answer 136

1. 1.6 mm

2. 12-18 months

Question 137

A lack of oxygen in the blood will make the skin appear bluish, also called what?

Answer 137

Cyanosis

Question 138

A buildup of the yellow pigment bilirubin, indicating liver disease is also referred to as what?

Answer 138

Jaundice

Question 139

What is due to an engorgement of the capillaries in the dermis with blood and is due to a skin injury, exposure to heat, inflammation, or allergic reaction?

Answer 139

Erythema

Question 140

Pallor or paleness may occur with conditions such as what?

Answer 140

Shock or anemia

Question 141

What are the three main pigments that influence skin pigmentation?

Answer 141

1. Melanin (epidermis)
2. Carotene (dermis)
3. Hemoglobin (red blood cells within capillaries of the dermis)

Question 142

What produces a darker brown to black skin tone?

Answer 142

High melanin rate

Question 143

What produces a yellow to reddish skin tone?

Answer 143

High carotene rate

Question 144

What produces a red to pinkish skin tone?

Answer 144

High hemoglobin rate

Question 145

What is the primary determinant of skin color, hair color and eye color?

Answer 145

Melanin

Question 146

What causes the skin color to vary from pale yellow to reddish-brown to black?

Answer 146

Melanin

Question 147

True or False

Melanocyte numbers are approximately the same (3-5%) in all people, regardless of their skin tone or Fitzpatrick scale; however the amount of melanin pigment produced by melanocytes and imparted to keratinocytes can vary massively

Answer 147

True

Question 148

What are yellow colored, lipid-soluble compounds found in red, orange, yellow and green vegetables and fruit?

Answer 148

Carotenoids (carotene)

Question 149

Excessive intake of carotenoids found in vegetables can cause what that is characterized by yellow-orange discoloration of the skin?

Answer 149

Carotenemia

Question 150

What is the iron containing oxygen transporting protein in erythrocytes (RBC)?

Answer 150

Hemoglobin

Question 151

Prolonged decreased oxygen levels increases deoxygenated hemoglobin, subsequently causing _____

Answer 151

cyanosis

Question 152

What is a genetic (recessive-inherited) condition characterized by little or no melanin pigment in the eyes, skin or hair?

Answer 152

Albinism

Question 153

What are the main health complications of albinism?

Answer 153

1. Sunburns easily during UV exposure

2. Increased risk for skin cancer over their lifetime

Question 154

What is an acquire depigmentation of the skin characterized by the loss of melanocytes?

Answer 154

Vitiligo

Question 155

What is thought to be a systemic autoimmune disorder in which the antibodies attack the melanocytes?

Answer 155

Vitiligo

Question 156

True or False

Tattoos

Pigment is injected through the epidermis and activates an immune response, resulting in phagocytes and macrophages engulfing pigment particles. Macrophages containing the pigment in the papillary dermis are trapped in the collagen matrix, forming a homogenized layer below the dermal/epidermal boundary

Answer 156

True

Question 157

What are the two methods by which homeostatic temperature regulation occurs?

Answer 157

1. Transfer of heat via sweating (evaporation)

2. Maximizing or minimizing heat loss (radiation) via blood flow in the dermis

Question 158

In high environmental temperatures, sweat production increases from the skin surface and helps lower the body temperature meaning evaporation does what?

Answer 158

Evaporation increases

Question 159

In high environmental temperatures dermal blood vessels dilate to allow more blood flow and increase heat loss from the body meaning radiation does what?

Answer 159

Radiation increases

Question 160

In cold environments evaporation ____ and radiation ____

Answer 160

1. Evaporation decreases

2. Radiation decreases

Question 161

What is produced in the epidermis that protects from microbes, abrasion, heat, water loss and chemicals?

Answer 161

Keratin (protein)

Question 162

What is released by lamellar granules, inhibits evaporation of water from the skin surface and prevents dehydration?

Answer 162

Lipids (fats)

Question 163

What provides protection against the damaging effects of UV light?

Answer 163

Melanin (pigment)

Question 164

What prevents hair from drying out, are mildly bactericidal and have acidic pH?

Answer 164

Sebum (fat, wax, esters, fatty acids)

Question 165

Tactile sensations (exteroceptors) detect what?

Answer 165

1. Touch (mechanoreceptors)
2. Pressure (baroreceptors)
3. Vibration (Meissner corpuscles)

Question 166

Thermal sensations are detected by what?

Answer 166

Thermoreceptors

Question 167

Pain, impending or actual tissue damage is detected by what?

Answer 167

Nociceptors

Question 168

True or False

Excretion and Absorption

Skin has a small role in excretion compared to the kidneys, GI tract, and respiratory system, however, the skin can absorb a wide variety of substances readily

Answer 168

True

Question 169

Exposure of the skin to UV radiation activates what?

Answer 169

Vitamin D

Question 170

After UV radiation activates Vitamin D it is then converted to ____ which aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorous

Answer 170

Calcitriol

Question 171

What is the interaction between invading microbes and the reaction of the body’s immunologic response; specifically requires some form of microbes to invade the cellular environment?

Answer 171

Infection

Question 172

What is the immunovascular response, without regard to the cause, to any potentially harmful stimuli, this is a generic response and is not tailored to the specific stimuli?

Answer 172

Inflammation

Question 173

These are all signs of what?

1. Localized hyperthermia (due to increased blood flow)
2. Erythema (due to dilation of blood vessels)
3. Localized edema (due to increased vessel permeability and extravasation of fluid)
4. Pain (due to chemical mediators like bradykinin)
5. Loss of function (due to all of the above)

Answer 173

Acute inflammation

Question 174

What is characterized by formation of granulomas and is common in certain diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis, etc.)?

Answer 174

Granulomatous inflammation (cystic)

Question 175

What is an aggregation of macrophages from chronic inflammation; the immune system attempts to isolate the foreign substance that it cannot eliminate (pathogens, foreign objects, keratin, suture fragments)?

Answer 175

Granuloma

Question 176

What is characterized by the presence of an amorphous mass (abscess) composed of neutrophils, cellular debris, and microbes?

Answer 176

Suppurative Inflammation (abscesses)

Question 177

What is generally caused by certain pyogenic bacteria (staph) and often forms an abscess?

Answer 177

Suppurative Inflammation

Question 178

What inflammation occurs near the epithelium that results in necrotic loss of surface tissue that exposes lower layers, the subsequent evacuation in the epithelium is known as what as well?

Answer 178

1. Ulcerative inflammation

2. Ulcers

Question 179

What is the inevitable physiologic changes of the skin that occurs with time and are influenced by genetic and hormonal factors, this form of aging is not preventable and happens to everyone?

Answer 179

Intrinsic aging

Question 180

What is the preventable structural and functional changes of the skin that occurs with exposure to the following:

1. Environmental factors
2. Lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, drugs, etc.)
3. Social determinants
4. Elective cosmetic surgeries

Answer 180

Extrinsic aging

Question 181

What is the most important source of preventable extrinsic aging?

Answer 181

UV radiation exposure

Termed “photo aging”

Question 182

Epidermal Aging

Between the ages of 30 and 80 the epidermal turnover rate decreases by ___% to ____%, resulting in decreased wound repair capacity

Answer 182

30% to 50%

Question 183

Epidermal Aging

Between the ages of 30 and 80 the unexposed epidermis thins by __% to ___% resulting in easier injury to underlying tissues

Answer 183

10% to 50%

Question 184

True or False

Between age 30 & 80 there is a decrease in the number and function of melanocytes by up to 20% per decade, giving an increased risk of skin cancer in the elderly

Answer 184

True

Question 185

True or False

Between age 30 & 80 there is a reduction in the number and responsiveness of Langerhans cells, resulting in weakened cutaneous immunity in the elderly

Answer 185

True

Question 186

In dermal aging, the reduction of what production enhances the rate and amount of UV exposure (photodamage) ?

Answer 186

Collagen fibers

Question 187

In dermal aging the reduction of what production decreases the elastic recovery and resilience in aged skin?

Answer 187

Elastin fibers

Question 188

True or False

Dermal aging

Abnormalities in ground substance of the connective tissue results in decreased skin hydration and characteristic elderly xerosis (dry skin)

Answer 188

True

Question 189

Tissue repair is the restoration of tissue architecture after an injury and encompasses what two separate processes?

Answer 189

1. Regeneration

2. Replacement

Question 190

What form of tissue repair is when the damaged tissue is completely restored to its pre-injury/normal state via new growth?

Answer 190

Regeneration (can happen continuously)

Question 191

What form of tissue repair is when severely damaged or non-regenerable tissue is repaired by laying down connective tissue, resulting in scarring?

Answer 191

Replacement

Question 192

True or False

Most tissue repair consists of a combination of regeneration and replacement, depending on the location and extent of damage

Answer 192

True

Question 193

What is the most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue and has the capacity for continuous renewal?

Answer 193

Epithelial tissue

Question 194

What tissue has an adequate renewal capacity; slower than epithelial tissues and is prone to hyperproliferation (scarring)?

Answer 194

Connective tissue

Question 195

What tissue has a relatively poor capacity for renewal, the tissue does not divide rapidly enough to replace the extensive damage?

Answer 195

Muscular tissue

Question 196

What tissue has the poorest capacity for renewal because it does not undergo mitosis to replaced its damaged cells?

Answer 196

Nervous tissue

Question 197

What phase of healing is 1-3 days post injury and serves mainly to clear bacteria and debris from the wound and to prepare the wound environment for repair?

Answer 197

Inflammatory phase

Question 198

Healing - Inflammation phase

_____ and ____ forms in the injured space, providing hemostasis and inducing both cellular and chemical inflammatory responses

Answer 198

Platelet and fibrin clots

Question 199

Healing - Inflammation phase

_____ release chemical mediators causing local capillary vasodilation, increasing permeability and augmenting local blood flow and migration of inflammatory cells to the injured area

Answer 199

Mast cells

Question 200

Healing - Inflammation phase

_____ phagocytize cellular debris, bacteria, and foreign material, and release multiple factors that further the inflammatory reaction. After ____ are done, they are removed via physical sloughing or are phagocytized themselves by macrophages

Answer 200

Neutrophils

Question 201

What phase of injury happens 2-10 days post injury and the purpose is to construct granulation tissue to fill the defect caused by the wound?

Answer 201

Proliferative phase

Question 202

Healing - Proliferative Phase

What are the major cellular agents in this phase and produce Type III collagen to provide structural integrity to new tissue

Answer 202

Fibroblasts

Question 203

Healing - Proliferative Phase

What provides contractile force to minimize wound surface area during healing; once enough extracellular matrix has been laid down most fibroblasts undergo apoptosis ?

Answer 203

Collagen

Question 204

Healing - Proliferative Phase

_____ from wound edges migrate onto the wound surface and advance across the wound, leaving proliferating _____ behind until they reach the ____ on the opposite edge?

Answer 204

Keratinocytes

Question 205

These are all associated with what phase of healing?

1. 2-3 weeks post injury; tissue defects have been replaced with granulation tissue and covered by new epithelial cells
2. Wound tissue now consists of disorganized collagen and extracellular matrix proteins without dermal appendages (hair follicles/sweat glands) and is covered with epithelium
3. Surface of the wound contracts, causing base of the wound to be wider than the surface
4. Fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells in wound space begin to apoptosis or exit wound

Answer 205

Healing - Early remodeling phase

Question 206

The following is associated with what phase of healing?

1. Happens months to >1 year post injury
2. The type III collagen laid down by the fibroblasts are replaced with type I collagen and collagen fibrils become more organized
3. As collagen rearranges, the tensile strength of the wound increases from 20% at 3 weeks after injury, to 70–80% at 6 weeks, but never reaches the full strength of uninjured tissue
4. Over time, collagen fiber rearrangement makes the scar become less thick & firm
5. The initial capillaries formed in the inflammatory phase regress and the scar becomes and less erythematous

Answer 206

Healing - Late remodeling phase

Question 207

What form of healing relies on dermal edges that are close together and closely approximated?

Answer 207

Healing by primary intention

Question 208

The following are pros associated with what?

1. Most often results in a complete return to function with minimal scarring and loss of skin appendages
2. Sutures, staples, and dermal adhesive are readily available to the IDC

Answer 208

Healing by Primary Intention

Question 209

These are cons associated with what?

1. Requires relatively clean wounds without major avulsion or asymmetric/jagged edges
2. Easily mismanaged by providers who lack experience and technique
3. Potential for scarring and poor cosmetic outcome due to patient non-compliance

Answer 209

Healing by Primary Intention

Question 210

What form of healing relies on formation of granulation tissue to fill the space between the wound opening or edges?

Answer 210

Healing by Secondary Intention

Question 211

These are pros associated with what?

1. Decrease chance of wound infection by allowing exudate drainage from the wound
2. Closure of choice when dealing with a large wound made by infection

Answer 211

Healing by Secondary Intention

Question 212

These are cons associated with what?

1. Wounds take much longer to heal
2. Greater likely of scar formation because edges are not approximated
3. Wounds must be regularly examined and re-evaluated to ensure proper care

Answer 212

Healing by Secondary Intention