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<3 > STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM > Flashcards

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

in the thoracic cavity between the two lungs.

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2
Q

The heart is surrounded by the _______, which protects and holds the heart in place.

A

pericardium

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium

Serous pericardium

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4
Q

What part of the pericardium is the:

Tough, inelastic and outer connective tissue.

A

Fibrous pericardium

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5
Q

What part of the pericardium is the:

Thinner, delicate and forms double layer around heart

A

Serous pericardium:

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6
Q

What functions to protect the heart buy anchoring it in place(to the diaphragm) and prevents it from overstretching

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

What functions to protect the heart buy anchoring it in place(to the diaphragm) and prevents it from overstretching

A

Pericardium

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8
Q

What are the two layers of the serious pericardium?

A 
Parietal layer
Visceral layer (epicardium):
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9
Q

What layer of the serious pericardium Adheres tightly to the heart?

A

Visceral layer

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10
Q

What layer of the serious pericardium is Fused to the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer

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11
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium?

What is its function?

A

The pericardial cavity filled with lubricating fluid that prevents friction between membranes

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12
Q

The Heart wall is made of what layers?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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13
Q

What layer of the heart wall lines the inside and covers valves?

A

Endocardium

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14
Q

What layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle, forms two separate networks via gap junctions and intercalated disks: Atrial and ventricular.

A

Myocardium

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15
Q

visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also known as what?

A

Epicardium

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16
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

R and L Atria

R and L Ventricles

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17
Q

What separates the Ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

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18
Q

what separates the Two atria

A

Interatrial septum

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19
Q

Atria are the thinnest chambers why?

A

They only have to empty their contents into the ventricles

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20
Q

Why are ventricles are thicker than Atria

A

they have to move blood out of the heart to the lungs (R ventricle) or to the rest of the body (L ventricle)

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21
Q

What is the thicker ventricle and why?

A

The left ventricle

Pumps blood to the rest of the body

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22
Q

What are the two Atrioventricular valves and what side are they on?

A 
Tricuspid Valve (R)
Bicuspid (mitral) Valve (L)
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23
Q

What on the ventricular side connects the papillary muscles to the Atrioventricular valves?
And what do they do?

A

Chordae Tendineae

Prevent valve cusps from pushing up into the atria when ventricles contract

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24
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

What is there function?

A

Aortic Valve
Pulmonary Valve
-Prevent blood from flowing back into the heart

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25
Q

What are the Vessels that bring Deoxygenated blood into the heart?
What chamber do they drain into

A
  1. Superior Vena cava
  2. Inferior Vena cava
  3. Coronary Sinus
    The right Atrium
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26
Q

What drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins into the right atrium?

A

Coronary Sinus

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27
Q

What carries oxygenated blood from the lungs and transports it to the left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins

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28
Q

What carries oxygenated blood to the entire body from the left ventricle

A

Aorta

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29
Q

What is coronary circulation

A

Blood flow through the myocardium

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30
Q

What are two principal coronary vessels?

A

(a) Right coronary artery

(b) Left coronary artery

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31
Q

When reviewing an ECG what does the P wave represent?

A

atrial depolarization

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32
Q

When reviewing an ECG recording what does the QRS complex represent?

A

ventricular depolarization

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33
Q

When reviewing an ECG what does the T wave represent?

A

ventricular repolarization

34
Q

Can you see atrial REpolarization on a ECG?

A

No, its masked by the QRS Complex

35
Q

A cardiac cycle represents everything associated with one heartbeat, typically
lasting how long?

A

0.8 seconds

36
Q

Cardiac excitation normally begins in what node?

A

Sinoatrial node SA

37
Q

What does the action potential travel through from the SA node to the AV node?

A 
The atria (via Bachmann’s bundle)
this causes contraction of the atria
38
Q

After the AV node gets the signal where does the action potential go?

A

The atrioventricular (AV) bundle or Bundle of his

39
Q

The atrioventricular (AV) bundle or Bundle of his sends the action potential to what?

A

R and L bundle branches

40
Q

From the R and L bundle branches where does the action potential go?

A

Purkinje fibers

41
Q

Where in the conduction system of the heart causes the Ventricles to contract

A

Purkinje Fibers

42
Q

What Color covers Atrial Contraction?

A

Blue

43
Q

What Color covers Ventricular Contraction?

A

Yellow

44
Q

What are the three phases of the cardiac cycle?

A 
Relaxation period
atrial systole (contraction)
Ventricular systole (contraction)
45
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle?
both atria depolarize (noted as the P wave). After depolarization the last 25% of blood is ejected from the atria to the ventricles.

A

atrial systole

46
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle?
Indicated by the QRS complex. The ventricles depolarize then contract ejecting the blood into either the pulmonary trunk (right ventricle) or the aorta (left ventricle).

A

Ventricular systole

46
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle?
Indicated by the QRS complex. The ventricles depolarize then contract ejecting the blood into either the pulmonary trunk (right ventricle) or the aorta (left ventricle).

A

Ventricular systole

47
Q

Approximately how much blood is ejected into systemic circulation per ventricular contraction?

A

70 ml

48
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle?
-the ventricles start to relax and repolarize
-all four chambers of the heart, including
the atria enter into a period of diastole

A

Relaxation period

49
Q

during diastole, the ventricles

are filled to what percentage?

A

75%

50
Q

What is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta per minute?

A

Cardiac output

51
Q

CO formula = stroke volume x heart rate

What is the output for a pt with a HR of 75

A

= 70 ml/beat x 75 beats/min

= 5250 ml/min or 5.25 L/min

52
Q

True/False

The right ventricle ejects less blood than the Left ventricle

A

False

The right ventricle ejects the same amount as the left

53
Q

What are the five main types of blood vessels?

A 
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
54
Q

What type of blood vessel?

Thick, triple layered vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries

55
Q

What type of blood vessel?

Thin vessels formed by arteries branching down in size

A

Arterioles

56
Q

What type of blood vessel?
Hair-like microscopic vessels found throughout the body, connects arterioles to venules.
also known as exchange vessels……

A

Capillaries

57
Q

What type of blood vessel?

Very thin vessels formed when capillaries reunite

A

Venules

58
Q

What type of blood vessel?

Designated vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart to be oxygenated.

A

Veins

59
Q

What is the ability of local tissues to adjust blood flow (constrict or dilate) into the area according to metabolic demands via vasodilators and vasoconstrictors.

A

Autoregulation

60
Q

Slowest rate of blood flow takes place within what and why?

A

the capillaries

allows time for exchange through walls

61
Q

Blood pressure is defined as………

A

Pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels as the ventricles contract.

62
Q

Where is blood pressure the highest?

A

aorta and the large systemic arteries

63
Q

Normally the blood volume of the cardiovascular system?

A

5 liters or 5.3 quarts.

64
Q

Volume or blood loss more than ___% is potentially life threatening

A

10%

65
Q

Anything that increases blood volume, i.e. water retention will do what to blood pressure?

A

Increase

66
Q

Vascular resistance is what?

A

Opposition to flow (lumen size)

67
Q

Vascular resistance which depends on what?

A
  • Smaller lumen (with vasoconstriction)
  • Greater vessel length (weight gain)
  • Higher viscosity (as with high hematocrit)
68
Q 
Vascular resistance:
Smaller lumen(with vasoconstriction) results in what?
A

results in greater resistance…

69
Q

Vascular resistance:

Greater vessel length (weight gain) results in what?

A

results in greater resistance…

70
Q 
Vascular resistance:
Higher viscosity (as with high hematocrit) results in?
A

greater resistance……………/……

71
Q

Blood Flow to the body is regulated by what part of the brain?

A

medulla oblongata

72
Q

The medulla oblongata is controlled by neural and hormonal feedback from what 3 receptors?

A

Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors

73
Q

What type of receptor is this?

Monitor movements of joints and muscles

A

Proprioceptors

74
Q

What type of receptor is this?

Pressure receptors in the aorta and carotid arteries

A

Baroreceptors

75
Q

What type of receptor is this?
Located in the arch of the aorta and carotid bodies that stimulate sympathetic and parasympathetic response to chemical changes in the body

A

Chemoreceptors

76
Q

What is Systemic circulation?

A

Arteries and arterioles that carry oxygen and nutrient rich blood THROUGHOUT THE BODY, veins and venules that carry carbon dioxide and waste to the right atrium.

77
Q

All systemic arteries branch off what blood vessel?

A

Aorta

78
Q

All systemic veins empty into what blood vessels?

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava or the coronary sinus.

79
Q

What is Pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs, picks up oxygen and returns via pulmonary veins to the left atria.

80
Q

Where does gas exchange take place to RE-oxygenate the blood

A

Pulmonary capillaries

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