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Nervous!!! =[ > STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

how long is the spinal chord?

A

16-18 inches

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2
Q

the spinal chord extends from what to where

A

medulla oblongata to the L2

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3
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid contained in the spine

A

central canal

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4
Q

the spinal cord has how many pairs of spinal nerves?

A

31

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5
Q

posterior root of the spine contains what type of axons?

A 
sensory receptors(sending to CNS)
afferent
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6
Q

anterior root of the spine contains what type of axons?

A 
motor neurons (CNS to affectors)
Efferent
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7
Q

the spinal cord has 2 enlargements what are they?

A

Cervical, lumbar

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8
Q

what is the function of white mater in the spinal cord?

A

has tracts that serve as highways for nerve impulses

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9
Q

Gray matter of the spinal cord

A

receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information and is a site for integration of reflexes.

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10
Q

Posterior horn

A

contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons (afferent)

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11
Q

Anterior (ventral) gray horns

A

contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for contraction of muscles. (efferent)

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12
Q

Lateral gray horn is present only where?

A

thoracic and upper lumbar segments

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13
Q

Lateral gray horn contains?

A

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands

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14
Q

White Matter tracts?

A 
Sensory tract (ascending)
Motor (descending) tracts
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15
Q

Motor tracts

A

Consists of axons that conduct nerves impulses away from the brain

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16
Q

Sensory tract

A

consist of axons that conduct nerves impulses toward

the brain

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17
Q

what are the two levels of spinal reflexes?

A

Spinal reflex: Simple (reflex arc) (Patellar reflex)

Cranial reflex: Simple; occurs in the brainstem (Gag reflex)

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18
Q

how many spinal nerves are in the cervical

A

8

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19
Q

how many nerves are in the thoracic

A

12

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20
Q

how many nerves are in the lumbar

A

5

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21
Q

how many nerves are in the sacrum

A

5

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22
Q

how many nerves are in the coccyx

A

1

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23
Q

Sensory information goes through which root

A

Dorsal(posterior)

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24
Q

Motor information goes through which root?

A

anterior root

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25
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

an area of skin supplied by a single nerve

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26
Q

what is a group of axons arranged in bundles?

A

facicle

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27
Q

what are fascicles of a spinal nerve wrapped in?

A

perineurium

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28
Q

what is the superficial covering of a spinal nerve?

A

epineurium

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29
Q

what does the cervical plexus supplies and what nerves are in it?

A

posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm
C1-C5

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30
Q

Brachial plexus supplies what?

contains what nerves?

A

upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles

C-5 to T-1

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31
Q

Lumbar plexus supplies what?

contains what nerves

A

Abdominal wall, external genitals and parts of the lower limbs

L-1 to L-4

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32
Q

Sacral plexus supplies what?

contains what?

A

Buttocks, perineum and most of lower limbs

L4-S4

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33
Q

The sciatic nerve contains what?

A

L4-S3

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34
Q

The brain contains what % of the bodies wt, but requires what % of the oxygen supply?

A

2% WT

20% O2

35
Q

Brain neurons totally deprived of oxygen for ____ or more minutes may lead to permanent damage

A

four

36
Q

_______ is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and surrounding structures; stems from the two internal carotid arteries.

A

Circle of Willis

37
Q

Blood brain barrier does what?

A

protects the brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens

38
Q

the blood brain barrier allows the passage of what?

A

lipid soluble materials such as O2, CO2, alcohol, anesthesia

39
Q

what cells make up the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

40
Q

what is a Clear, colorless liquid that cushions the brain, carries oxygen, glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and removes waste.

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

41
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid circulates through _____ around the spinal cord central canal, and through cavities in the brain called ____

A

subarachnoid space

ventricles

42
Q

CSF is slowly reabsorbed into the blood through what?

A

arachnoid villi

43
Q

What are the major parts of the brain?

A

Brain stem
diencephalon
cerebellum
cerebrum

44
Q

what are the parts of the brain stem?

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

45
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland

46
Q

what does cerebellum mean and what is its functions?

A

Little brain

balance and equilibrium for coordination

47
Q

What forms the inferior part of the brain stem; a continuation of spinal cord

A

Medulla Oblongata

48
Q

What are the functions of the Medulla Oblongata

A

regulates the rate and force of the heart and the diameter of the vessels
regulates breathing

49
Q

what cranial nerves the the Medulla Oblongata associated with?

A

cranial nerves VIII-XII

50
Q

what is the “Bridge” which connects the medulla to the midbrain and above

A

Pons

51
Q

what Contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) tracts?

A

Pons

52
Q

the pons connects what parts of the brain?

A

right and left…..

53
Q

Pons is associated with what cranial nerves?

A

5, 6, 7 and 8

54
Q

what connects the pons to the diencephalon

A

Midbrain

55
Q

what is Substantia nigra

A

Loss of these neurons related to Parkinson disease

56
Q

what is Cerebral peduncles

A

Large tracts that contain axons of motor neurons from cerebrum to rest of brainstem and spinal cord

57
Q

what is involved in in scanning eye movement and responses to visual
stimuli

A

Superior colliculi

58
Q

what does the response to auditory input and startle reflex

A

Inferior colliculi

59
Q

what are the tree major regions of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland

60
Q

Functions of what part of the diencephalon

1) Major sensory relay center
2) Contributes to motor functions
3) Plays role in consciousness

A

Thalamus

61
Q

Functions of what part of the diencephalon
1) Lies inferior to thalamus and superior to the pituitary gland; important for
homeostasis
2) Control of pituitary and hormone production
3) Control and integration of the ANS
4) Regulation of emotional and behavior patterns
5) Regulation of eating and drinking
6) Control of body temperature
7) Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep and awakening patterns

A

Hypothalamus

62
Q

what Secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body’s biological clock

A

Pineal Gland

63
Q

the cerebellum is attached to the brain stem by what?

A

cerebella peduncles

64
Q

what Divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal Fissure

65
Q

Broad band of white matter containing axons that connects the right and left spheres internally

A

Corpus Callosum

66
Q

what are the layers of the cerebrum

A

Cortex-superficial gray matter
white matter- myelinated and unmyelinated axons coms between hemispheres via corpus callosum
basal ganglia- Assist in motor control, emotions, behavior, executive function

67
Q

what are the four lobes of the hemisphere

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

68
Q

Central sulcus separates___ and ___

A

frontal and parietal

69
Q

Precentral gyrus anterior to the central sulcus is ___

A

Primary motor area

70
Q

Postcentral gyrus posterior to the central sulcus is?

A

Primary somatosensory area

71
Q

Primary visual area

A

Occipital lobe

72
Q

Primary auditory area

A

Temporal lobe

73
Q

Primary gustatory (taste) area

A

Base of postcentral gyrus

74
Q

Primary olfactory (smell) area:

A

Medial aspect of temporal lobe

75
Q

Primary motor area

A

Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

76
Q

Each region of the frontal lobe controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles on the ___ side of the body

A

opposite

77
Q

Association areas do what

A

complex integration: memory, emotion, reasoning, judgment

78
Q

Somatosensory association area

A

Integrates and interprets somatic sensations: storage of memories of past
sensory experiences

located Posterior to primary somatosensory area

79
Q

Premotor area does what

A

Generates nerve impulses causing a specific group of muscles to contract in a specific sequence

80
Q

what is Called “emotional brain”: plays primary role in pain, pleasure, anger, affection and in
behavior

A

limbic system

81
Q

the structure of the limbic system contains what?

A

inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon

82
Q

what hemisphere is more involved with:

spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning

A

Left

83
Q

what hemisphere is more involved with:

spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of language, generating images of sight, sound, taste, and smell

A

right

Nervous!!! =[ (20 decks)

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