STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL Flashcards
- Composed of an integrated set of regulated
processes that include pulmonary ventilation (breathing), gas exchange in the lungs
and tissues throughout the entire body, transport of gases by the blood, assist with
regulating blood pH, and contains receptors for the sense of smell. - Filters inspire air, produce sounds, and excrete small amounts of water and heat during exhalation.
respiratory system
Upper respiratory system includes what structures?
- Nose,
- pharynx,
- associated structures
Lower respiratory system includes what structures?
- Larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
The conducting zone:
Consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes:
- Nose,
- pharynx,
- larynx,
- trachea,
- trachea,
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles-that conduct air into the lungs.
Fx getting oxygen to the alveoli for gas exchange
The respiratory zone:
Consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs-the:
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli.
- visible external portion and an internal portion inside the skull.
Nose
External nose:
Consist of bone and cartilage covered with skin and lined with
mucous membrane. It has two openings called external nares or nostrils.
Internal nose:
Connects to the throat through two openings called the internal nares.
Four groups of paranasal sinuses (some air circulates in the sinuses and provides resonance, warms and humidifies before going down to the lungs).
a) Frontal
b) Maxillary (largest)
c) Sphenoid
d) Ethmoidal
Nasolacrimal ducts are connected to the
internal nose.
The space inside the internal nose, called
the nasal cavity, lies below the
cranium and above the oral pharynx.
A vertical partition, the nasal septum, divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides. The septum consists of following structures:
a) Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
b) Vomer
c) Cartilage
Basic functions of the nose (three)
a) Filtering, warming, and moistening incoming air.
b) Detecting olfactory (smell) stimuli.
c) Modifying the vibrations of speech sounds.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells line the
nasal cavity.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells
Mucus secreted by goblet cells do what in the nasal cavity?
moistens the air and traps dust particles.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells
Cilia does what?
move the dust-laden mucus toward the pharynx, at which point it can be swallowed or spit out.
This structure is a funnel-shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and extends
partway down the neck.
(a) Lies posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and anterior to the cervical (neck) vertebrae.
(b) Composed of skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane.
(c) Functions as a passageway for air and food.
(d) Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils
(participates in immunological responses to foreign invaders).
Pharynx or throat
This structure is in the upper part of the pharynx.
a) The posterior wall contains the pharyngeal tonsil.
b) Exchanges air with the nasal cavities and receives mucus-dust packages.
c) The cilia of its pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium moves the
mucus- dust packages toward the mouth.
d) Exchanges small amounts of air with the auditory tubes to equalize air pressure between the pharynx and middle ear.
Nasopharynx:
This structure is located in the middle portion of the pharynx.
a) Opens into the mouth and nasopharynx.
b) Two pairs of tonsils (palatine and lingual tonsils).
Oropharynx:
What structure?
Connects with both the esophagus (food tube) and the
larynx (voice box).
Laryngopharynx:
What structure?
(a) Is a short tube of cartilage lined by mucous membrane that connects the pharynx with the trachea
(b) It lies in the midline of the neck anterior to the fourth, fifth, and six cervical vertebrae (C4 to C6).
Larynx (voice box)
What structure?
a) Consists of hyaline cartilage, forms the anterior wall of the larynx.
b) Commonly called (Adam’s apple), often larger in males than in females due to the influence of male sex hormones during puberty.
Thyroid cartilage:
What structure?
a) Is a large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium.
b) The “stem” of the epiglottis is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone.
c) The broad superior “leaf” portion of the epiglottis is unattached and is free to move up and down like a trap door.
d) During swallowing, the pharynx and larynx rise. Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food or fluids; elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the larynx, closing it off.
e) Closing of the larynx keeps foods and liquids from entering the respiratory system (trachea).
f) When anything but air passes into the larynx, a cough reflex attempts to expel the material.
Epiglottis:
What structure?
A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx and is attached to the first tracheal cartilage.
a) Landmark for making an emergency airway (tracheotomy).
Cricoid cartilage:
What structure?
Paired cartilage consisting mostly of hyaline cartilage.
a) Located above the cricoid cartilage.
b) They attach to the true vocal cords and pharyngeal muscles.
c) Function in voice production
Arytenoid cartilages:
The mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds:
1) False vocal cords (vestibular folds): Upper pair.
2) True vocal cords (vocal folds): Lower pair
Mucous membrane of the larynx
Upper pair
a) Hold the breath against pressure in the thoracic cavity when you strain to lift a heavy object.
b) Does not produce sound
False vocal cords (vestibular folds):
Lower pair
a) Produce sounds during speaking and singing.
b) Contain elastic ligaments stretched between pieces of rigid cartilage like the strings on a guitar.
c) The influence of male sex hormones usually causes vocal cords to become thicker and louder in males.
True vocal cords (vocal folds):
What structure?
is a tubular passageway for air that is located anterior to the esophagus.
(a) It extends from the larynx to the upper part of the fifth thoracic vertebra.
(b) Divides into right and left primary bronchi at the level of T-5.
(c) Lined with mucous membrane and is supported by cartilage.
(d) Mucous membrane is composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, consisting of ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells.
Trachea (windpipe)
Factors and Fx of what structure?
1) The cilia in the upper respiratory tract move mucus and trapped particles down toward the pharynx, but the cilia in the lower respiratory tract moves mucus and trapped particles up toward the pharynx.
2) Consist of 16 to 20 cartilage layer c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage stacked one on top of another.
3) The open part of each C-shaped cartilage ring faces the esophagus and permits it to expand slightly into the trachea during swallowing.
Trachea (windpipe): Provides protection against dust similar to the lining of the nasal cavity.
Stucture of what?
(a) The trachea divides into a right primary bronchus (windpipe), which goes to the right lung, and the left primary bronchus, which goes to the left lung.
(b) The primary bronchi contain incomplete rings of cartilage and are lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
(c) Pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve enter and exit the lungs with the two
bronchi.
- On entering the lungs, the primary** bronchi divide** into the secondary bronchi
(one to each lobe of the lung). - The secondary bronchi continue to branch, forming smaller bronchi called tertiary bronchi that divide several times, and ultimately giving rise to smaller bronchioles.
- Bronchioles do not contain cartilage and are further reduced in size to form smaller branches called terminal bronchioles which are the smallest branches of the bronchial tree.
Bronchi and Bronchioles
What structure?
Two spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity.
Separated from each other by the heart and other structures located in the mediastinum.
Lungs:
What structure of the Lungs?
is double-layered serous membrane that encloses and
protects each lung.
Pleural membrane
What structure of the Lungs?
outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity and diaphragm.
Parietal pleura
What structure of the Lungs?
(inner layer that is attached to the lungs)
Visceral pleura
What structure of the Lungs?
(a narrow space located between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes)
Pleural cavity
What adheres pleural membranes in the Pleural cavity?
surface tension to keeps pleural membranes adhered to one another during inhalation.
What structure of the Lungs?
(broad bottom portion of each lung, surface against the diaphragm)
Base
What structure of the Lungs?
Upper end located just above the clavicle extends roughly 4 cm above the first rib into the base of the neck.
Apex
What structure of the Lungs?
(an indentation of the left lung where the heart lies)
Cardiac notch
Left lung is about what % smaller than the right lung?
10% smaller
What structure of the Lungs?
(deep grooves which divides the lung into lobes)
Fissures
Lung Structure
Right vs Left: what fissures does each lung have?
a) Oblique and Horizontal Fissures in Right lung
b) Oblique Fissure only in Left lung
Lung Structure
(each lung lobe contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule and a branch from a terminal bronchiole wrapped in elastic connective
tissue)
Lobules
Lung Structure
This is a subdivisions of lobules are microscopic branches of terminal bronchioles.
a) Lined by non-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium.
Respiratory bronchioles:
Lung Structure
This is a subdivision of respiratory bronchioles.
Alveolar ducts:
Lung Structure
This structure is two or more alveoli that share a common opening to the alveolar duct.
Alveolar sacs:
Lung Structure
is a cup-shaped outpouching of an alveolar sac.
(a) Walls consist mainly of thin alveolar cells (simple squamous epithelial cells)
(b) Main sites of gas exchange.
(c) contains Surfactant cells
(d) contains Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
Alveoli:
Alveoli:
These cells secrete alveolar fluid which keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist.
Surfactant cells
Alveoli:
A mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse.
Surfactant:
Alveoli:
are wandering phagocytes that remove fine
dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces.
Alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
