Stroke and TIA Flashcards

1
Q

Define stroke

A

A stroke is an acute neurological deficit attributed to an acute focal injury of the brain, spinal cord, or retina by either a vascular occlusion (ischaemia) or haemorrhage.

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2
Q

Define TIA

A

A transient ischaemic attack (TIA) is a sudden-onset focal neurological deficit with a vascular aetiology, typically resolving symptoms within less than 1 hour.

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3
Q

Define amaurosis fugax

A

Loss of vision in one eye - symptom of TIA. Normally painless and transient

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4
Q

What are the risk factors for a TIA/stroke?

A

Hypertension
Smoking
Poor exercise and diet
Atrial fibrillation
Diabetes
Alcohol
AGE >55
Ethnicity - black and asian
Male
Family hx
Heart disease
Prior stroke/TIA

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5
Q

What are the signs of raised ICP?

A

Headache
Vomiting
Papilloedema
Reduced levels of conciousness
Cushings Triad

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6
Q

What is Cushings Triad ?

A

Widening pulse pressure
Bradycardia
Irregular breathing

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7
Q

What is the classification system used for strokes?

A

Bamford system

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8
Q

What is a TACS stroke

A

Total anterior circulation stroke (TACS)
Large cortical stroke affecting the areas of the brain supplied by both the middle and anterior cerebral arteries.

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9
Q

What is a PACS stroke?

A

A partial anterior circulation stroke (PACS) is a less severe form of TACS, in which only part of the anterior circulation has been compromised.

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10
Q

What is a POCS stroke?

A

A posterior circulation syndrome (POCS) involves damage to the area of the brain supplied by the posterior circulation (e.g. cerebellum and brainstem).

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11
Q

What is a LACS stroke?

A

A lacunar stroke (LACS) is a subcortical stroke that occurs secondary to small vessel disease. There is no loss of higher cerebral functions (e.g. dysphasia).

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12
Q

Which artery is most commonly affected by a stroke?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of stroke?

A

Arterial embolism – from a distant site; e.g. carotids, vertebral or basilar arteries. The embolus will occlude an artery of the brain resulting in infarction. May also come from heart valves in endocarditis.

Haemorrhage – can be in the cerebrum itself, or also a subarachnoid haemorrhage may cause a similar effect

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