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BDS3 DISEASES OF HUMAN SYSTEMS > Stroke > Flashcards

Stroke Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Death of brain tissue from hypoxia

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2
Q

What are the 3 different types of stroke?

A
  1. Infarction of tissue
  2. Haemorrhage into the brain tissue
  3. Temporary ischaemia (TIA)
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3
Q

What is the acronym for recognising the signs of a stroke?

A

FAST
- Facial drooping
- Arm weakness
- Speech difficulty
- Time

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4
Q

what is a TIA?

A

transient ischaemic attack (temporary mini stroke)

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5
Q

What commonly causes a TIA?

A

platelet emboli from vessels in neck block bloodflow to brain and cause localised loss of brain function

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6
Q

What is the recovery time for TIAs? (rough estimate)

A

Full recovery within 24hrs
- most recover in 30 mins

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7
Q

What risk factors increase a patients risk of developing a stroke?

A
  • hypertension
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • ischaemic heart disease
  • atrial fibrillation
  • diabetes mellitus
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8
Q

What sex is more likely to die from a stroke?

A

Male > female

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9
Q

What is the most common type of stroke?

A

Infarction stroke (85%)

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10
Q

What can cause an embolie stroke?

A

Embolism travels from left side of heart can be caused by:
- atrial fibrillation
- heart valve disease
- recent MI

Atheroma of cerebral vessels

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11
Q

What are other less common causes of stroke?

A
  • venous thrombosis
  • “border zone” infarction
  • vaculitis
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12
Q

what is a ‘borderzone’ infarction?

A
  • severe hypotension
  • causes cardiac arrest
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13
Q

what is vasculitis?

A

narrow blood vessels to brain

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14
Q

How can strokes be prevented?

A
  • smoking cessation/diabetes control/hypertension control
  • antiplatelet action
  • anticoagulants
  • carotid endarterectomy
  • preventative neurosurgery
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15
Q

What drugs are used for antiplatele action?

A
  • aspirin
  • clopidogrel
  • dipyridamole
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16
Q

what drugs are used to provide anticoagulation action?

A
  • warfarin
  • apixaban
17
Q

How can strokes be investigated?

A
  • imaging
  • assess risk factors
18
Q

What imagine techniques are used to investigate strokes?

A
  • CT scan
  • MRI scan
  • Digital Subtraction angiography
19
Q

What are the pros and cons of using a CT scan to investigate stroke?

A

Pro = rapid, easy access
Con = poor for ischaemic stroke

20
Q

What are the pros and cons of using a MRI scan to investigate stroke?

A

Pro = better at visualising early changes of damage
Con = difficult to obtain quickly

21
Q

How can risk factors of a stroke be investigated?

A
  • check BP
  • ECG (check for arrhythmias)
  • carotid ultrasound
  • cardiac ultrasound
  • diabetes screen
  • thrombophilia screen (young patients)
22
Q

What is the effect of a stroke?

A
  • Loss of functional brain tissue (nerve cell death)
  • Gradual or rapid loss of function
  • Inflammation in tissue surrounding the infarct/bleed
23
Q

What motor complications can a patient face after a stroke?

A
  • dysphonia
  • swallowing
  • difficulty moving
24
Q

What sensory complications can a patient face after a stroke?

A
  • lack of body perception
  • lack of feeling
25
Q

What cognitive complications can a patient face after a stroke?

A

Cognitive impairment
- appreciation
- processing (understanding of information)
- memory impairment
- emotion lability and depression

26
Q

What is involved in the acute phase of stroke treatment?

A
  • improve blood flow/oxygenation
  • prevent future risk
27
Q

How can future risk of stroke relapse be prevented?

A
  • aspirin 300mg daily
  • anticoagulation if indicated
28
Q

Who is anticoagulant treatment especially important for after a stroke?

A
  • atrial fibrillation patients
  • left ventricular thrombus stroke
29
Q

What is involved in the chronic phase treatment of stroke patients?

A
  • nursing and rehabilitation
  • speech and language therapy
  • occupational therapy
30
Q

what are the dental aspects of a stroke?

A
  • impaired mobility & dexterity
  • communication difficulties
  • risk of cardiac emergencies
  • loss of protective reflexes
  • loss of sensory information
31
Q

How can impaired mobility & dexterity affect a patients oral health?

A
  • attendance
  • poor oral hygiene

BDS3 DISEASES OF HUMAN SYSTEMS (13 decks)

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