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D & D exam 5 > Stress & Disease > Flashcards

Stress & Disease Flashcards

1
Q

How was stress viewed in the Early 14th Century?

A

Used to indicate hardship, straits, adversity or affliction

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2
Q

How was stress viewed in the 17th Century?

A

“Load” - external force
“Stress” - internal forces created by load
“strain” - deformation or distortion of object

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3
Q

How was stress viewed in the 19th and 20th Centuries?

A
  • stress and strain thought to be the cause of “ill health” and “mental disease”
  • Hans Seyle
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4
Q

What is Hans Seyle?

A

orchestrated set of bodily responses to any form of noxious stimuli

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5
Q

The concept of stress is studied by multiple disciplines. What are the 3 basic concepts related to stress?

A
  • Homeostasis
  • Stress and the Stress Response
  • Adaptation and Coping
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6
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

constancy between internal and external environments

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7
Q

What are some examples of stress on the body?

A
  • Temperature (physiological stress)
  • Trauma (physical ‘upheaval’ of homeostasis)
  • Emotional Stress (tests, family, illness, relationships)
  • Infection
  • Exercise (could be a good stress!)
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8
Q

What did Milieu Interieur have to say about the constancy of internal environment?

A

A multicellular organism is able to survive only as long as the composition of the internal environment is compatible with the survival needs of the individual cell.

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9
Q

What did Walter B. Cannon have to say about the constancy of internal environment?

A
  • homeostasis is a system of physiologic processes that opposes change
  • when a factor shifts homeostasis in one direction, mechanisms exist that have the opposite effect (i.e. Blood sugar)
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10
Q

Milieu Interieur and Walter B. Cannon pretty much just stated the obvious… sum up what they said.

A

Emotional stress (internal) can cause illness and disease (external, physical)

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11
Q

What are the 3 stages of stress response?

A

1) Alarm
2) Resistance/Adaptation
3) Exhaustion/Allostatic overload

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12
Q

Describe the Alarm stage of stress response.

A
  • Stage 1
  • generalized stimulation of SYMPATHETIC nervous system

-adrenal glands are stimulated to release catecholamines and cortisol. These hormones play a part in the fight or flight response

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13
Q

Describe the Resistance/Adaptation stage of stress response.

A

-selects most effective and economical channel of defense

this is a way of defending ourselves against the stress becoming chronic

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14
Q

Describe the Exhaustion/Allostatic Overload Stage of stress response.

A
  • resources (support systems) are depleted and signs of “wear and tear” appear
  • interactive physiological changes in numerous systems from overload and exhaustion
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15
Q

Define/Describe Allostasis.

A

the ability to achieve stability through change
-how one “mounts a response” to what happened

previous experience and learning serves as a control system
-“I’ve been through this before, I know I have the ability to get through this”

It is a cognitive activation theory of stress

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16
Q

When does instability in Allostasis occur?

A

when there is a discrepancy between what the person perceives and what the situation actually is.

usually an acute stress causes this

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17
Q

What are some common S/S of Stress?

A
  • increased Cholesterol
  • increased BP that may remain elevated
  • localized inflammation (inflammatory response to stress)
  • Faster blood clotting
  • increased acidity in stomach (could lead to ulcers)
  • elevated Blood sugar (NOT related to Diabetes)
  • increase metabolism
  • slow digestion
18
Q

The Stress Response initiates what two responses?

A

Neuroendocrine( Functional changes - hormones) and Immune Response (how we react)

19
Q

What is the cause of the rise in blood sugar during stress?

A

cortisol being released from the adrenal glands

20
Q

What are some factors that play a role in our Adaptive Capacity to stress?

A 
Genetic Endowment 
Age
Hardiness
Gender
Nutrition/Health Status
Psychosocial Factors
Physiological Reserve
Sleep-Wake Cycles
Time (how fast does the response have to occur)
21
Q

Discuss the connection between Genetics and Adaptive Capacity.

A

There are genetic codes that have been linked to stress adaptation and the person’s ability to cope.

ex: Alcoholism

22
Q

Discuss the connection between Age and Adaptive Capacity.

A

As you age, you have more experiences and realize you have a better adaptive capacity because you may have been through similar/or worse before

23
Q

What is Hardiness?

A
  • emotional reaction to stress/how we handle stress

- Depends on what mechanisms we already have established to handle stress

24
Q

Discuss the connection between Nutrition/Health status and Adaptive Capacity.

A

Malnutrition states and poor health status will lessen someone’s ability to cope with stress because their body is already in a stressed state and/or not prepared to meet the nutritional demands stress creates

25
Q

What are examples of psychosocial factors of Adaptive Capacity?

A

support systems

-family, friends, groups, etc.

26
Q

What is a person’s physiological reserve?

A

the ability for body systems to increase function to help give what the organs require in the time of need

-ex: kidneys, lungs, adrenal glands

27
Q

Discuss the connection between Sleep-Wake Cycles and Adaptive Capacity.

A
  • sleep restores us which helps our ability to cope

- sleep disorders can affect the immune system

28
Q

How does Time affect Adaptive Capacity?

A

People adapt better to changes when they happen over an extended period of time

29
Q

Discuss Acute Stress.

A

“Fight or Flight” should be a time limited response
-the extra OOMF needed to get through

-for patients with limited coping abilities acute stress can be detrimental (push them over the edge)

30
Q

Chronic Stress can cause….

A
  • health problems due to being in a constant state of “Fight or Flight”
  • decreased immune system = more intense symptoms of illnesses like herpes zoster and influenza
31
Q

What is a common cause of chronic stress?

A

-Chronic Illness, long term health problems (i.e. kidney failure/dialysis, drug abuse, eating disorders)

32
Q

What is PTSD?

A

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

-Chronic activation of the stress response as a result of experiencing a potentially life-threatening event

33
Q

What are some causes of PTSD?

A
  • War is a significant cause
  • Rape
  • Weather
  • Terrorist Attack
  • Being Held Hostage
34
Q

What are the 3 components of PTSD?

A

Intrusion
Avoidance
Hyperarousal

35
Q

Describe the Intrusion component of PTSD.

A
  • penetration in to conscious of thoughts, feelings, nightmares
  • occurrence of “Flashbacks” during waking hours or nightmares in which the past traumatic event is relived, often in vivid and frightening detail
36
Q

Describe the Avoidance component of PTSD.

A
  • refers to the emotional numbing that accompanies this disorder and disrupts important personal relationships
  • depression/survivor guilt can lead to this behavioral inhibition
37
Q

Describe the Hyperarousal component of PTSD.

A

-refers to the presence of increased irritability, difficulty concentrating, and exaggerated startle reflex, and increased vigilance and concern over safety

38
Q

What else is commonly seen in PTSD patients?

A

memory problems
sleep disturbances
excessive anxiety

39
Q

How is PTSD diagnosed?

A

the triad of symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, and Hyperarousal that characterize PTSD must be present together for at least 1 month and the disorder must have caused clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning

40
Q

What are some Nonpharmacologic methods used for stress reduction?

A

Relaxation Techniques (meditation)

Guided Imagery (scene visualization)

Music Therapy (shown to help in reducing pain, anxiety or stress)

Massage Therapy(promotes relaxation and relief of muscle tension)

Biofeedback ( individuals are given feedback through electromyography studies and can then adjust response… i.e. focusing on controlling breathing rate and slowing the heart rate )

41
Q

For any of the Nonpharmacologic methods of treatment of stress disorders to work where must they be given?

A

in a quiet and therapeutic room

D & D exam 5 (5 decks)

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