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D & D exam 5 > Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the Conductive Airway?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • larynx
  • tracheobronchial tree
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2
Q

nasopharynx

A

nose/throat cavity

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3
Q

oropharynx

A

mouth/throat cavity

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4
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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5
Q

what is another name for the conductive airway? Why?

A
  • Dead Space

- no gas exchange occurs in this area

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6
Q

Ventilation

A

the flow of gases into the alveoli

-does not mean gas exchange is occuring

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7
Q

Profusion

A

the flow of blood through pulmonary capillaries

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8
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of gases across the alveolar-capillary membrane

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9
Q

What is an example of a ventilation problem?

A

obstruction in airway, choking

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10
Q

what is an example of a profusion problem?

A

thrombus/ clot blockage

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11
Q

what is an example of a diffusion problem?

A

alveoli filled with fluid

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12
Q

Why shouldn’t we treat viral infections with antibiotics?

A
  • leads to the development of antibiotic resistance bacteria

- antibiotics don’t treat viral infections

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13
Q

An URI is an infection of the what?

A
  • Upper Respiratory System

- nose, larynx, oropharynx

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14
Q

A Lower Respiratory Infection involves what?

A

-lower airway and lungs

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15
Q

Discuss the Rhinovirus

A

-Most Common cause of the Common Cold

Frequently seen in….

  • Early Fall and Late Spring
  • b/w ages 5 and 40
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16
Q

Discuss the Parainfluenza viruses

A
  • causes common cold

- mostly affects children under 3 years old

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17
Q

Discuss the Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A
  • causes common cold
  • mostly affects children under 3 years old
  • during winter and spring
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18
Q

Discuss Coronaviruses and Adenoviruses

A
  • causes common cold

- seen in winter and spring

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19
Q

What is the most common viral pathogen?

A

Rhinovirus

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20
Q

What virus/viruses commonly cause colds in children?

A

Parainfluenza Viruses and Respiratory Syncytial Virus

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21
Q

What virus/viruses are more prevalent during the winter and spring months?

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Coronaviruses, and Adenoviruses

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22
Q

What virus/viruses are more prevalent during the early fall and late spring months?

A

rhinovirus

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23
Q

What is the greatest contributor to the spread of common cold?

A

-hands (WASH YOUR HANDS!)

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24
Q

What are the most common portal of entries for common cold causing pathogens?

A

-mucosa (nasal), conjunctiva (eyes)

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25
Q

When is someone infected with a Common Cold most contagious?

A

3 days

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26
Q

What is Rhinosinusitis?

A
  • inflammation of the sinuses and nasal pathways

- same thing as Sinusitis

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27
Q

What is Rhinosinusitis caused by?

A

-infection or allergy obstructs sinus drainage

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28
Q

How does Acute Rhinosinusitis present?

A
  • facial pain
  • headache
  • purulent nasal discharge
  • decreased sense of smell
  • fever
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29
Q

How does Chronic Rhinosinusitis present?

A
  • nasal obstruction
  • fullness in the ears
  • postnasal drip
  • hoarseness
  • chronic cough
  • loss of taste and smell
  • unpleasant (bad smelling) breath
  • headache
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30
Q

Why may viral rhinosinusitis lead to a secondary bacterial infection?

A

-rhinorrhea (nasal drainage) accumulates in the sinus cavities, pathogens aren’t filtered out because of the lack of movement of the rhinorrhea in the cavity areas

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31
Q

What are some types of medications used to treat rhinosinusitis? How does each one work?

A
  • Antibiotics : to treat bacterial infection
  • Steroids : anti-inflammatory
  • Guaifenesin : thins mucus secretions to help expel the mucus
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32
Q

How is the Influenza transmitted?

A

-inhalation of droplet nuclei / Indirect Contact

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33
Q

What are the 3 types of infections that influenza viruses can cause?

A
  • uncomplicated URI
  • viral pneumonia
  • respiratory viral infection followed by a bacterial infection
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34
Q

The common cold and influenza initially establish as what?

A

-URIs

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35
Q

What are the S/S of viral pneumonia?

A
  • abrupt onset
  • profound malaise
  • fever
  • tachypnea ( increased Resp. Rate)
  • tachycardia (increased HR)
  • cyanosis
  • hypotension ( decreased BP)
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36
Q

What are the 3 distinct types of influenza virus? Which two cause epidemics?

A
  • A,B,C

- A and B can cause epidemics

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37
Q

What is the incubation period for the Flu?

A

1 to 4 days

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38
Q

Is a Virus or Bacterial pathogen more contagious?

A

viral

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39
Q

Are Colds or the Flu more common?

A

COMMON colds are more common than the flu

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40
Q

define Pandemic

A

-an epidemic occurring on a scale that crosses international borders and affects a large number of people

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41
Q

What are our goals for Flu patient?

A
  • limiting the infection to stay as an URI (prevent spread)
  • get lots of rest - reduce O2 stress/difficulties
  • keep warm to limit viral replication
  • keep hydrated (increased water loss w/ tachypnea)
42
Q

Why should you not treat a low grade fever?

A
  • Low grade = below 102 degrees

- the fever serves a purpose in preventing viral replication

43
Q

define Afebrile

A

no fever

44
Q

define Febrile

A

fever present

45
Q

If a fever is present what is suspected? Cold or Flu?

A

Flu

  • usually high
  • lasts 3-4 days
46
Q

If a patient has a headache what is suspected? Cold or Flu?

A

Flu : headaches frequent

*although if a patient has rhinosinusitis from a cold they could experience headaches

47
Q

If a patient has slight aches and pains is the Flu or Cold suspected?

A

Cold

48
Q

If a patient has severe aches and pains what is suspected?

A

Flu

49
Q

A patient is bedridden. Do they more than likely have a cold or the flu?

A

Flu

-frequently lasts 5-10 days

50
Q

A patient has sniffles… do they have a cold or the flu?

A

more than likely a Cold

although rhinorrhea/congestion can be seen with the Flu

51
Q

A patient is sneezing.. so they more than likely have the flu or a cold?

A

Cold

*flu can sometimes produce sneezing

52
Q

A patient has a sore throat… is the flu or a cold suspected?

A

Sore throat occurs more commonly with a cold, although can sometimes be seen with the flu

53
Q

A patient has a mild cough… do they have a cold or the flu?

A

cold

54
Q

A patient has a severe cough… do they have a cold or the flu?

A

the flu

55
Q

A patient is diagnosed with a sinus/ear infection after getting over a sickness… Did they more than likely suffer from a cold or the flu to begin with?

A

Cold

56
Q

A patient has a secondary pneumonia infection… would a cold or the flu be the primary infection they had?

A

Flu

57
Q

Heart and Kidney Failure are commonly seen as complications from the flu or a cold?

A

the flu

58
Q

Influenza immunizations can be given in two forms… what are they?

A
  • TIIV : Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine

- LAIV : Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccine

59
Q

How is a TIIV given to a patient ?

A

needle injection

60
Q

How is a LAIV given to a patient?

A

nasal spray

61
Q

LAIV is an option for which people?

A

healthy, non pregnant persons between ages 5 and 49 years old.

62
Q

Who are encouraged to get Flu Vaccines?

A
  • health care providers and their family members
  • pregnant women
  • older people (over 65)
  • children (under 5, especially under 2)
  • people who have chronic health problems (heart disease, asthma)
  • people who have an immunodeficiency disorder like HIV
  • residents of nursing homes
63
Q

How old must a baby be before they are able to receive the Flu vaccine?

A

6 months

64
Q

Who should not get the Flu vaccine?

A
  • anyone who previously reacted to a flu vaccine (anaphylactic)
  • those allergic to eggs
  • history of Guillain-Barre syndrome
  • anyone with an acute febrile illness
65
Q

Explain the concept behind the Flu Vaccine.

A
  • CDC and ACIP (advisory committee on immunization practices) annually update its recommendations for the composition of the vaccine
  • try to predict what strands will be most prevalent during each flu season
66
Q

Define Pneumonia

A

inflammation of the parenchymal tissue (alveoli and bronchioles)

  • caused by:
    - typically bacteria in the alveoli
    - virus
    - gastric secretions (aspirations)
67
Q

What is the most common cause of both community and hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

the Staphylococcal Aureus (S. Aureus) bacteria

68
Q

Describe a Lobar Pneumonia

A

-affects an entire lobe of the lung

69
Q

Describe a Bronchopneumonia

A

-patchy distribution over more than one lobe

70
Q

what are Atypical pneumonias?

A

viral and mycoplasma infections of alveolar septum or interstitial tissues

71
Q

What is Guillian-Barre syndrome? What causes it?

A
  • triggered by an infection
  • ascending paralysis, runs its course then goes away in the same pattern it came
  • patients with this will need to be on a ventilator when the paralysis reaches their upper body
72
Q

What is Legionnaires’ disease? How is it acquired?

A
  • form of bronchopneumonia
  • infection normally transmitted by the environment
    • ex: aerosolized water, humidifier, air conditioners, soil
  • person to person transmission has not been documented
73
Q

What is the priority for pneumonia patients?

A

airway management

74
Q

Who are at a higher risk for developing pneumonia?

A
  • the immunocompromised

- ICU patients (breathing tube)

75
Q

What is the incubation period for pneumonia?

A

-48 hrs

76
Q

What is Tuberculosis?

A
  • airborne infection caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
  • spread by inhaling droplet nuclei circulating in the air
  • initiates cell-mediated immune response
77
Q

What was TB called back in the day?

A

Consumption

78
Q

What is Primary TB?

A
  • initial, 1st exposure (un-sensitized)
  • inhaled Tubercle Bacillus (TB) cause macrophages to begin a cell mediated immune response
  • takes 3-6 weeks to develop positive TB test
  • most are asymptomatic but develop latent TB infections
79
Q

What is Latent TB?

A
  • results in a granulomatous lesions
  • TB is surrounded by T-lymphocytes and macrophages which seal off the TB
  • Patient is unable to spread disease, remains w/o active disease
80
Q

How is a definite diagnosis made for TB?

A

-sputum culture for AFB (acid-fast bacilli)

81
Q

What are the S/S of and Active TB infection?

A
  • fever
  • weight loss
  • fatigue
  • night sweats
  • bloody sputum
82
Q

What is Secondary TB?

A

-REINFECTION from inhaled droplet nuclei or REACTIVATION of a previously healed primary lesion

83
Q

Describe a Tuberculin Skin test.

A
  • aka: PPD
  • intradermal injection of tuberculin
  • identifies latent TB
84
Q

SPECIFIC NAMES NOT ON TEST: What is the treatment for TB?

A
  • isoniazid (INH) and Rifampin (RIF)

- medications usually taken for a year

85
Q

What is Bronchogenic Carcinoma?

A

lung cancer

-2 types : Small cell and non-small cell

86
Q

Discuss Small Cell Lung Cancer

A
  • highly linked to smoking

- high tendency to metastasize (esp. into brain)

87
Q

Discuss Non-Small cell lung cancer

A

3 different types

  • large cell carcinoma
  • squamous cell
  • adenocarcinoma
88
Q

Discuss Large Cell Carcinoma

A
  • poor prognosis due to early metastasis

- non-small cell lung cancer

89
Q

Discuss Squamous Cell lung cancer

A
  • best prognosis in majority of cases
  • spreads more centrally
  • non-small cell lung cancer
90
Q

Discuss Adenocarcinoma

A
  • most common type in US

- often seen in women and non-smokers

91
Q

What are the S/S of Bronchogenic Carcinomas?

A
  • chronic persistent cough
  • shortness of breath
  • wheezing
  • Pleuritic chest pain
92
Q

Why is lung cancer often not diagnosed until late?

A

-signs are a similar to chronic bronchitis

93
Q

Discuss Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

-common for premature infants
-attributed to decreased lung compliance (mobility)
Why? :
- pulmonary immaturity
-lack of surfactant (could lead to alveolar collapse)
- protein-rich fluid leaks into the alveoli and blocks
O2 uptake

94
Q

What is the treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A
  • mechanical ventilation
95
Q

Why are C-section delivered babies more likely to have respiratory problems?

A

-the process of the baby going through the birth canal releases cortisol which helps to get the lungs ready to start working

96
Q

Full development of the lungs doesn’t occur until when?

A

age 8

97
Q

What are the obstructive disorders of the upper airway in small children?

A
  • croup

- epiglottitis

98
Q

What are the obstructive disorders of the lower airway in small children?

A
  • acute bronchiolitis

- lower airway infection producing air trapping

99
Q

Discuss Croup

A
  • more common
  • usually benign
  • self limited

S/S:

  • similar to common cold
  • stridor
  • wet, barking cough
  • occurs at nigh

Treatment:
relieved by exposure to cold/moist air

100
Q

Discuss Epiglottitis

A
  • rapidly progressive
  • life threatening

Danger of airway obstruction and asphyxia

S/S:

  • mouth open, chin thrust open
  • low-pitched stridor
  • difficulty swallowing
  • fever
  • drooling
  • anxiety

Treatment:

  • hospitalization
  • antibiotics
  • intubation/tracheotomy

D & D exam 5 (5 decks)

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