Disorders of Nutritional Status Flashcards
When do you have a higher caloric requirement?
anytime during growth.
puberty, pregnancy, childhood, breastfeeding.
Define metabolism.
the organized process through which nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins are broken down, transformed, or otherwise converted into cellular energy
What are proteins required for?
-growth and maintenance of body tissues, enzymes, and antibody formation, fluid and electrolyte balance, and nutrient transport
What role do fats play in our metabolism?
-provide ENERGY, function as carriers for the fat soluble vitamins, serve as precursors of prostaglandins, and are a source of fatty acids.
What role do carbohydrates play in our metabolisms?
- not really required because the energy requirements are met by proteins and fats. However some tissues, such as the nervous system, require glucose as an energy source but this need can be met by the conversion of amino acids and the glycerol part of the triglyceride molecule to glucose.
What does a carbohydrate deficient diet result in?
-loss of tissue proteins and the development of ketosis
Which vitamins are fat-soluble?
A, D, K, and E
Which vitamins are water-soluble?
Thiamine, Riboflavin, B6, Pantothenic Acid, B12, Folic acid, Biotin, C
What is fiber and why is it important?
- fiber cannot be digested by the human intestinal tract
- it increases stool bulk and facilitates bowel movements
- it also helps to lower cholesterol and blood sugar levels
What happens when you consume more energy (food) than you require?
-it is converted to carbohydrates and then converted into glucose and is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.
What happens when the liver and skeletal muscles are filled with the extra energy storage?
-we start to develop adipose tissue
What is the Formula for BMI?
BMI= weight [kg] / height (m)2
At what BMI is a person considered obese?
30 or greater
At what BMI is a person considered morbidly obese?
40 or greater
At what BMI is a person considered overweight?
25-29.9
At what BMI is a person considered to be at the lowest risk of health problems?
18.5-25
Being Obese/Overweight puts a person at a higher risk for what health problems?
HTN
Hyperlipidemia
Type 2 DM
CAD
What are some risk factors for being obese or overweight?
Calories Consumed > calories burned Genetic Predisposition Decreased Activity Medications (esp. Steroids) Coping Mechanisms (stress eating)
What problem does having excessive adipose tissue usually cause?
Chronic Inflammation
Describe Upper Body Obesity.
“Male Obesity”
central fat distribution (abdominal area)
can cause…
- more liver dysfunction, metabolic problems (DM)
- cardiac risk b/c of fat being up around the heart
Describe Lower Body Obesity
“Female Obesity”
Mortality not as high but…
harder to treat
What is Upper Body Obesity usually compared to?
Apple shape
What is Lower Body obesity usually compared to?
Pear Shape
When teaching obesity prevention what aspects should be emphasized?
- more active lifestyle / less TV
- low fat diet
- regular meals
- fruits/vegetables
- water
Today, is it believed that obesity is more genetically linked or environmentally linked?
-environmentally (lifestyle) linked
What are some techniques are used to help overcome obesity?
- self monitoring
- starting up an approved exercise
- problem solving/stress management (to find better ways than stress eating)
- emotional/social support
- relapse prevention
What is the most Prevalent nutritional disorder in children in the US?
Obesity
What are some of the consequences of childhood obesity?
- contributes largely to an increase incidence of DM 2
- concern that obese children will grow to be obese adults
- negative psychosocial consequences (teasing, bullying)
What is a significant predictor for childhood obesity?
parental obesity
Define Malnutrition/Starvation.
person does not receive or is unable to utilize nutrients for body function
what are some causes of malnutrition?
- acute and chronic illness
- poverty (nutritional food is $$$)
- lack of knowledge
- self-imposed dietary restrictions
What is Marasmus?
a progressive loss of muscle mass and fat stores due to an inadequate food intake that is equally deficient in CALORIES AND PROTEIN
What is Kwashiorkor?
a deficiency in PROTEIN in diets that are relatively high in carbohydrates
What is Marasmus-Kwashiorkor?
advanced protein-calorie deficient together with increased protein requirement ( due to stress/trauma) or loss.
PEM is not just a 3rd world problem. Who can suffer from PEM in the US?
- those who aren’t able to eat
- those with GI Issues
Where are eating disorders more prevalent?
in industrialized societies (1st world problems)
What is thought to contribute to eating disorders?
a combination of genetics, neurochemical, sociocultural and developmental factors
When does Anorexia Nervosa usually begin?
Adolescence
What is Anorexia Nervosa characterized by?
Determined dieting.
What is Anorexia Nervosa often accompanied by?
- compulsive exercising
- sustained low weight
- disturbed body image
- pervasive fear of becoming obese
- obsession with severely restricted caloric intake
Which Eating disorder(s) can lead to electrolyte deficiencies?
Both Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
What is the DSM-IV-TR diagnosis criteria for Anorexia Nervosa?
- refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight for age and height
- an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
- a disturbance in the way one’s body size, weight, or shape is perceived
- Amenorrhea
What is Amenorrhea? What is it caused by?
-stopping of menstruation
- occurs when a females body fat percentage goes below a certain percentage
- can occur in eating disorders like anorexia nervosa
- often commonly seen in female athletes
When does Bulimia Nervosa usually begin?
during adolescence with a peak period of onset around age 18
What is Bulimia Nervosa?
recurrent BINGE eating and activities including VOMTING, fasting, and excessive exercise and use of DIURETICS, LAXATIVES or enemas to compensate for that behavior
What is the DSM-IV-TR diagnosis criteria for Bulimia Nervosa?
- recurrent binge eating
- inappropriate compensatory behaviors
- self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
- determination that the eating disorder does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa
What are some physical characteristics a person with Bulimia Nervosa will have?
bad, rotting teeth and esophageal damage from the excessive vomiting
What is Binge Eating characterized by?
recurrent episodes of binge eating at least 2 days per week for 6 months and at least three of the following….
- eating rapidly
- eating until becoming uncomfortably ill
- eating large amounts when not hungry (could be stress related)
- eating alone b/c of embarrassment
- feeling disgust, depression / guilt from eating episode
How is Bulimia nervosa different from Binge eating?
Persons with Bulimia Nervosa will make sure that they get rid of all the food they consume (purge). Persons who suffer from Binge eating disorders do not force out what they consume. Binge Eaters are usually overweight/obese
