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ATS1262: Social Behaviour > Stress, Coping & Resilience > Flashcards

Stress, Coping & Resilience Flashcards

1
Q

What is stress?

A

Stress arises as a reaction to any situation that an individual perceives to be negative and beyond their ability to cope.

  • Highly subjective, what might be stressful for one person may not be for another person
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2
Q

What is a “stressor”?

A

Things that cause stress

An internal or external event or stimulus that induces stress

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3
Q

Physiological Stress Reactions:

Acute Stress

A

Acute Stress

Transient state of arousal with typically clear onset and offset patterns

  • Can be thrilling in small doses eg. rollercoaster
  • Can also be exhausting and distressing if there is too much of it

Examples:

  • Dodging an animal on the road
  • Anxious feeling before exam
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4
Q

Physiological Stress Reactions:

Chronic Stress

A

Chronic Stress:

Continuous state of arousal in which an individual perceives demands as greater than the inner and outer resources available for dealing with them

  • Long term
  • Wears people out
  • Can cause health problems such as heart problems, anxiety etc

Can result from everyday stresses that are not being managed well
- Eg. school, uni, financial problems

Can also result from exposure to traumatic events
- Eg. a death, natural disaster

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5
Q

Physiological Stress Reactions:

Fight or flight response

A

Fight or flight response

  • Sequence of internal activities triggered when an organism is faced with a threat
  • Body prepares for either combat and struggle or running away to safety
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6
Q

Gender difference in stress reactions?

A

Males are more likely to experience “Fight or Flight”

Women are more likely to experience “Tend & Befriend”

  • Ensure safety of their offspring by tending to their needs
  • Also befriending other members of their social group with same goal of reducing the vulnerability of their offspring
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7
Q

The General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) & Chronic stress

A

The pattern of nonspecific adaptational physiological mechanisms that occurs in response to continuing threat by almost any serious stressor.

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8
Q

Three Stages of General Adaption Syndrome

A
  1. Alarm Reactions
    - Response to a threat/challenge
    - Heart rate increases, adrenaline, blood pressure increases, rate of breathing increases
  2. Resistance
    - Body remains aroused and on alert
    - Response to long term stress
    - Can affect health
    Sources: Difficult job, financial situations
    - Heart rate and blood rate is constantly elevated
  3. Exhaustion
    - When body cannot cope, it becomes exhausted
    - Continuous release of stress hormones causes body to break down due to overuse of body
    - Heart and circulation can shut down
    - Heart disease
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9
Q

Psychological Stress Reactions

A

Automatic, predicable, built-in responses

Many psychological responses are learned

Major life events: Major life changes are at the root of stress for many people (positive or negative life changes)

Measure impact of life events by Life Change Units (LCU)

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10
Q

Life Change Units: Student stress scale

A

The more events, the higher the points, the higher levels of stress and the more likely that personal might experience stress and health issues

Examples - 
Death of a close family member - 100 
Death of a close friend - 73 
Divorce between parents - 65 
Marriage - 58 
Failing an important course - 47 
Chronic car trouble - 26

Results

  • Scoring above 300: higher health risk
  • 150-300: moderate health risk (50/50 chance of serious health change within 2 years)
  • 150 and below: 1 in 3 chance of serious health change
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11
Q

Traumatic Events

A

Events that are negative, but also uncontrollable, unpredictable or ambiguous is particularly stressful

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12
Q

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

An anxiety disorder characterised by the persistent re-experence of traumatic events through

  • distressing recollections
  • nightmares
  • hallucinations
  • dissociative flashbacks
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13
Q

Chronic Stressors

A

For many people chronic stress arises from conditions in society and the environment

Some groups suffer chronic stress by virtue of their socioeconomic status or ethnic identity

Example:

  • If someone robs your house (acute stress)
  • When you start worrying that it may happen again and again (chronic stress)
  • If a migrant experiences racism (acute stress)
  • Worrying it will happen again or it does happen again and again (chronic)
  • Increases chance of depression & anxiety
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14
Q

Chronic Stressors

A

Can have negative effect on health

For many people daily hassles may be balances out by daily positive experiences

  • Having a bad day at work
  • Bad traffic
  • Can’t find keys
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15
Q

What is “Coping”?

A

The process of dealing with internal or external demands that are perceived to be threatening or overwhelming

Example:

  • Someone stressed in school
  • Coping by studying harder or getting a tutor
  • Having trouble at work
  • Chat to boss or find another job
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16
Q

What is “Appraisal of Stress”?

A

Cognitive appraisal is the cognitive interpretation and evaluation of a stressor

Plays a central role in defining the situation

  • To what extent/why is a situation stressful?
17
Q

Stress moderator variables

A

Variables that change the impact of a stressor

  • How you evaluate a stressor determines how you change the situation
18
Q

Stages in Stable Decision Making / Cognitive Appraisal

A
  1. Appraising the challenge
  2. Surveying alternatives
  3. Weighing alternatives
  4. Deliberating about commitment
  5. Adhering despite negative feedback
19
Q

Types of Coping Strategies

A
  1. Anticipatory Coping
  2. Problem-focused Coping
  3. Emotion-focused Coping
    - Best to use multiple coping strategies to deal with stressors
20
Q

Primary vs. Secondary Appraisal

A

Primary Appraisal
- Is this a stressful situation?

Secondary Appraisal
- What can i do to cope?

Results in either emotional or behavioural response

21
Q

Anticipatory Coping

A

Efforts made in advance of a potentially stressful event to overcome, reduce or tolerate the balance between perceives demands and available resources

  • Thinking, planning ahead of time
  • Eg. Checking map before driving
22
Q

Problem Focused Coping

A

Change stressor through direct actions and/or problem-selving activities

Example:
- Take language lessons if can’t speak

23
Q

Emotion Focused Coping

A

Change self through activities that make one feel better but do not change the stressor

  • Think about the problem in a different way
  • Managing your emotions
24
Q

What is Resilience?

A

Some people are better adapted to deal with adversity or stressors

25
Q

Characteristics of children who become resilient adults

A

Have been raised by supportive parents with good parenting skills

Have developed coping skills that are related to their ability to regulate their own behaviour

ie. They can stay focused on tasks (allow for problem-focused coping) and control their emotion responses (allowing for emotion-focused coping)

26
Q

Successful Coping

A

Modifying Cognitive Strategies

  • Reappraising the nature of the stressors themselves
  • Restructuring your cognitions about your stress reactions

Perceived Control

  • The belief that one has the ability to make a difference in the course of the consequences of some event or experience
  • This can often be helpful in dealing with stressors
27
Q

Coping Strategy: Social Support

A

Resources including material aid, socioemotional support and informational aid, provided by others to help a personal cope with stress

28
Q

Positive effects of stress

A

Post-traumatic growth

  • Stressful experience may result in positive psychological changes
  • Eg. Stress and cancer patients
  • Feel stronger mentally and physically after beating cancer, know themselves more etc
29
Q

What is “Mindfulness”?

A

“Paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment and non-judgmentally”

Being in a mindful state means to focus one’s full attention to and being aware of the experience of the present moment, whether they are external, such as an image, or internal, such as a bodily sensation

Involves examining and acknowledging whatever arises with a non-judgmental and non-reactionary attitude of acceptance

ATS1262: Social Behaviour (7 decks)

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