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M&SIII > Stress and Health > Flashcards

Stress and Health Flashcards

1
Q

Stress

A

demands made by the internal or external environment that upsets balance or homeostasis affecting physical and psychological well being

Cannon: emergency reaction helps organism to mobilize energy for flight or flight. Causes Physiological changes

Seyle: General adaptation syndrom. A non speciifc response of the body to any demand placed upon it

Holmes and Rahe: Social Readjustment rating scale. Measures stressful events. Focused on identifying and quantifying potential stressors

Lazarus: A given event or situation is percieved in different ways by various individuals. Perceptions rather than objective stressors are the main determinant of effects on subsequent behaviors and health status

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2
Q

Acute Stressor

A

Stressor demand immediate attention and do not last long

They tend to appear suddenly

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3
Q

Chronic stressors

A

stresor do not require immediate attention, but last a long time and are a constant source of worry

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4
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A
  1. Stage 1: Alarm reaction
    • The fight or flight respnse which causes you to be ready for physcial activity
    • deceases the effectiveness of the immune system which makes you more susceptible to illness
  2. Stage 2: Stage of Adaptation
    • If stress continues, body attempts to adapt to the stressor it is being exposed to o
  3. Stage 3: Stage of Exhaustion
    • Stres persist for a long time
    • the body;s resistance may be reduced or collapse quickly
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5
Q

Eustress

A

Beneficial stress that enhances one’s funcitong. Not defined as a stressor type but rather how one percieved that stressor and how one responds to the stressor

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6
Q

Distress

A

Type of stress having negative implications. Persistant stress that is not resolved thorugh coping or adaptation and may lead to anxiety, withdrawal and depressive behavior.

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7
Q

Allostatic load

A

A chronically elevated of arousal which damages the body and makes it less able to flexibly adapt to the environment. Result of chronic stressors. Associate with heart dieas, diabetesm suppressed immunity, hypertention.

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8
Q

Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease

A

may influence the development of coronary heart disease across life course

chronic stress, both at early life and adulthood, has been associated with about 40-60% excess risk of CHD

hypertention has been a major focus of stress

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9
Q

Childhood stress

A

Metanaylsis showed childhood abuse to be associated with heart attack and stroke

more than a two fold increas in risk (3 or more childhood abuse scenerios)

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10
Q

Adult stress

A

patients with CHD or other chronic conditions have significantly worse prognosis if they experience social isolation

working long hours (more than 55/week) is also related to a 40 percent increase in CHD

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11
Q

Biological MEchanism

A

Sympathetic nervous system activation

catecholamines

cortisol

increase abdominal fat deposition

carotid intima media thickness

metabolic syndrome

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12
Q

Environemntal mechanism

A

CVD risk can depend on exposure in everyday life to the conditions that elicit these responses and it isd the combination of high responsibity and exposure

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13
Q

BCa background

A

HAving one first degree relative with breast cancer doubles risk

having two first degree relative increase risk by 5 folds

20-30% of women with breast cancer have a family member with this disease

women at risk for breat cancer tend to report high levels of psychological stress

People who have a family hx of breast cancer have higher systolic blood pressures

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14
Q

Study Procedures for reactivity session

A

Rest (10min)

Math task (3 min)

rest (10 min)

Mirror tracer (3min)

rest (10min)

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15
Q

Psychological stress and cancer

A

Evidence is weak

possible link between psychological stress nad increased risk of developin cancer

some data suggest that some patients can develop a sense of helplessness when stress becomes overwhelming. This response is associated with highher rates of death, although the mechanism is unclear

physcial, emotional and social effects of diesease can be stressful

coping strategies = decrrease in depression, anxiety, and symptoms related to cancer and its treatment

psychological stress can affect a tumor’s ability to grow nad spread

norepi may promote angiogenesis and metastasis

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16
Q

Galen said

A

Women with “meloncholic” disposition were more susceptible to breast cancer than “sanguine” women

17
Q

Behavioral Model of Stress and Breast Cancer

A
  • Stressor is mediated by a person’s appraisal of the stressor
  • appraisal of stress gives rise to intermediate outcomes (biological outcomes, health behaviors) and ultimately clinical health status
18
Q

Sources of stress

A

Job, divorce or loss of spouse, cancer in child, death of child, caregiving stress

19
Q

Biological mechanism linking stress to breast cancer

A

Epi, norepi, Cortisol, Prolactin, Estrogen, Natural killer cells

20
Q

behavioral mechanism linking stress to breast cancer

A
  • Physical Activity
    • Associated with lower stress levels
    • lowers the overall incidence and mortality rates of cancer
  • Diet
    • Chronic stress is associated with higher saturated fats
    • dietary factors are estimated to account fot 35 percent of cancer deaths
  • Smoking
    • Stressed individuals more likely to smoke tabacco which increases cancer risk
21
Q

concerns of reccurence scale

A

Overall concerns

Health worries

Role worries

Womanhood wories

death worries

22
Q

Psychological stress and the respiratory system

A

SOB or rapid breathing

generally not a problem for people without respiratory disease

stress can exacerbate breathing problems for people with pre-existing respiratory diesease such as asthma and copd

prenatal maternal stress = increased asthma morbisity in childhoold

exposure to community crime and community violence may influence asthma morbidity

intimate partner violence was associated with 2 fold increased odds of physician-diagnosed asthma at age 3 years

23
Q

How does stress influence asthma

A

thorugh effects on the immune system (enhanced Thh2 immune response

Stress modifies the effects of environamental exposures

(air pollution, parental stress is associated with increased susceptability to environmental traffic particulate exposure)

24
Q

Psychological stress and the male

A

affect testosterone production, resulting in a decline in sex drive and can cause ED or impotence

impact sperm production and maturation

researchers have found that men who experience two or more stressfule life events in the past year had lower percentage of sperm and lower percentage of sperm of normal morphology, compared with men who did not experience any stressful life events

25
Q

Psychological stress and the male

A

high levels may be associated with absent or irregular menstraul cycles, more painful periods and changes in the length of cycles

stress may reduce sexual desire

stress may make premenstraul symptoms worse or more difficult to cope with

emotional distress may intensify the physical symptoms of menopause.

26
Q

Psychological stress and the NS

A

SNS release epi and cortisol under stress

  • Increase HR, Increase RR, Blood vessels in the arms and legs dilate, digestive process change, increase blood glucose

Recovery - PNS

  • overactivity of PNS = stress reactions = bronchoconstriction (asthma)
27
Q

Coping

A

To invest own conscious effort to solve perosnal and interpersonal problems in order to try to master, minimize, or tolerate stress

Coping effors: strategies used to mediate primary and secondary appraisal

28
Q

Transactional model of stess and coping

A

framework for evaluating the process of coping with stressful events

stressful experience are constructed as person-environement transactions

these transactions depend on the impact of the external stressor

this is mediated by the persn’s appraisal of the stressor and on the coial and cultural resources at his or her disposal

29
Q

Transaction model of stress and coping

A
  • Primary appraisal: a personal judgement about the significance of an event as stressful, positive, controllable, challenging, or irrelevent. “Evaluate Potential threat”
    • Percieved susceptability
    • percieved severity
    • motivational relevance
    • causal focus
  • Secondary appraisal: an assesment of people’s coping respources and options. “What one can do about the situation”
    • Percieved control over outcomes
    • percieved control over emotions
    • self-efficacy
  • Meaning based coping: coping strategy that is especially meaningfull to the person (positive reinterpretation, acceptance, religion)
    • Positive rappraisal
    • revised goals
    • spiritual beliefs
    • positive events
  • Coping effort: strategies used to mediate primary and secondary appraisal
    • problem management: directed at changing stressful situation (most effective for stressors that are changeable)
    • emotional regulation: when stressor is appraised as uncontrollable (detach, avoid, distraction, denial)
  • Moderators
    • dispositional coping style: dispositional or stable characteristics of the individual, enduring traints believed to drive appraisal and coping effors
    • social support: availability of friend could influence person’s perception of severity, can also improve coping

Outcomes

  • Adaptation
    • emotional well being
    • funtional status
    • health behaviors
30
Q

Types of Coping styles

A
  • Informational seeking
    • monitoring:seeking information
    • bluntin: avoiding information
    • Monitoring may contribute to herightend distress or it may lead to greater adhearance to recommended health practices
  • Optimism
    • Tendency to have posotuve generalized expecatncies for outcomes
    • expectancies shown to relatively stable over time
31
Q

Examples of Social support

A
  • EMotional
  • Instrumental
  • Informational

Social support can have buffering effects

  • support has a stronger effect when stressor is more intense or persistent
32
Q

Post-traumatic growth

A

Describes the positive life changes that develop thorugh a stressful experience

not the same as resilience (this describeds people returning to their previous levels of functioning) Post-traumatic growth refers to positive personal change

33
Q

Types of post-traumatic growth

A
  • Improved relations with others (grow closer to family member)
  • New life experiences (change in priorites, possible change in career)
  • greater appreciation for life
  • a sense of personal strength (empowered)
  • spiritual development (more interest in religion or add spiritual depth to life
34
Q

Factor contributing to post traumatic grwoth

A

Those who generally adapt well to new experiences and challenges

those who keep a cheerful outlook

those who have a stonge social support netwoek

35
Q

Stres management intervention

A

Techniques used to manage strss and improve coping

36
Q

S.E.E.D.S

A

Support, Education, Encouragement, and Determination to Succeed

PAtient support

caregiver support (discussion groups for family and frineds)

free service

HU Cancer center support group services

37
Q

Stress management and Chemo

A

nausea and vomiting = emotional stress

Psycosocial intervention: progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery

costly and limited acess to psychosical interventions

stress management techniques: Paced breathing, muscle relaxation, cognitive reframing

Self administer stress management leads to a better outcome in stress management..

38
Q

Burnout

A

measure of physical exhaustion and mental distress, which is catalyzed primarly by occupational and professional demands

Associated with decreased job performance and reduce job commitement

predicts stress-related health problems and low career satisfaction

39
Q

Coping strategies to reduce burnout

A
  • Strategies that involve engagement such as problem solving, positive reinterpretation and expression of emotion
  • Extracurricular activites: music and physical exercise
  • Student led support programs that are designed to promote the mentorship of junior students by senior students
  • Peer discussion groups providing oppourtunities for students to express, analyze and share feeling, which decreases the likelihood of burnout

M&SIII (10 decks)

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