Stress and Coping Flashcards
necessary changes that must occur to achieve the characteristic stability of homeostasis
allostasis
the body’s general, nonspecific response to the demands placed on it by the stressor. Not all stress is bad, some can help an individual achieve desired goals or exceed self-imposed limitations.
Stress
good stress associated with accomplishment and victory
eustress
stress that is associated with inadequacy, insecurity, and loss
distress
any event or stimulus that causes an individual to experience stress
stressor
dynamic process through which an individual applies cognitive and behavioral measures to handle internal and external demands that are perceived by the individual as exceeding their available resources
coping strategies/responses/mechanisms
Stress is defined as a stimulus, a life event, or a set of circumstances that arouses physiological and/or psychological reactions that may increase the individual’s vulnerability to illness.
Stimulus-Based Stress Models
the _____ of stressful life situations is used to document a person’s relatively recent experiences, such as divorce, pregnancy, and retirement. Both positive and negative events are considered stressful. Use cautiously, as each individual responds differently to different stressors.
Scale
the nonspecific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it
Response Based Stress Model
can be observed only by the changes it produces in the body
Stress
by a chain or pattern of physiological events. this occurs with the release of certain adaptive hormones and subsequent changes in the structure and chemical composition of the body.
General Adaptation Syndrome
Parts of the body particularly affected by stress are the gastrointestinal tract, the adrenal glands, and lymphatic structures. Prolonged stress, deep ulcers appear in the lining of the stomach, the adrenal glands enlarge considerably, and the lymphatic structures (such as the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes) atrophy.
Effect on the body
one organ or part of the body acts alone in response to stressors. An example; inflammation
Local adaptation syndrome
alerts the body’s defenses
Alarm Reaction
apart of the LAS and GAS stages: stress is perceived consciously or unconsciously by the person. Stressors stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which stimulates the hypothalamus. This stimulates the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone, which will stimulate the anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. This stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine. the entirety of these responses allows the body to perform far more strenuous physical activity than otherwise possible. Lasts 1 minute to 24 hours.
Shock Phase / “fight or flight”
increased myocardial contractility (increases cardiac output and blood flow to active muscles). Bronchodilation (allows increased O2 intake), Increased blood clotting (in the event of traumatic blood loss), increased cellular metabolism, and increased fat mobilization (make available energy and synthesizes other components needed by the body.)
epinephrine response
decrease blood flow to the kidneys and increase secretion of rennin. the eventual result is an increase in blood pressure by constricting arterioles.
norepinehrine response
one of the LAS and GAS stages; the changes produced during the shock phase are reversed.
countershock phase
one of the LAS and GAS stages; when the body’s adaptation takes place. The body attempts to cope with the stressor and limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it.
resistance stage
one of the LAS and GAS stages; the adaptation made in stage two, cannot be maintained. However the body managed to cope with the stressor has now been exhausted. If the stressor has not been eliminated prior to this stage, it may begin to spread to the entire body. the body must either rest and return to normal or die. the length of this stage and its eventual end are dependent on adaptive energy resources, the severity of the stressor, and the external adaptive resources (Oxygen).
exhausation stage
any factor that produces stress and disturbs the body’ equilibrium
stressor
can be observed only by the changes it produces in the body
stress
A set of cognitive, affective, and adaptive (coping) responses that arise out of person-environment transactions. The person and environment are inseparable, each affects and is affected by the other. The nurse must consider the person as an community, culture and environment.
Transaction - Based Stress Models
The relationship between the nurse, the client, and the environment in which they interact. The emphasis is on the relationship among stress, the client, the nurse, and both the internal and external environment. This model emphasizes interpersonal relationship with the client with the intent of decreasing the client’s anxiety and increased or improving the client’s coping resources.
Nursing Transaction Model
any event in which environmental demands, internal demands, or both tax or exceed the adaptive resources of an individual, social system, or tissue system. The individual then responds to perceived environmental changes by adaptive or coping resources.
Stress
key factor in the person’s ability to cope with stressors. As the person experiences exposure to the stressor, they appraise the stressor (mentally sorts, assesses, categorizes, evaluates, and frames the significance of an event or stressor with respect to their well being.)
cognitive appraisal
evaluation of the transaction, which is the event or circumstance, in terms of its potential to harm, benefit, threaten or challenge the individual.
Primary appraisal
appraised as having no meaningful effect on the individual or his circumstance, and are disregarded
irrevelant
are demands for change that are perceived as preserving or enhancing well-being.
benin - positive
viewed as harmful, threatening, or disturbing.
stressful
the individual attempts to predict the impact, intensity, and duration of the coping behavior necessary to respond to the stressor. There is an evaluation of the individuals available coping resources and potential options for responding to the event or circumstance.
secondary appraisal
application of available coping (apart of secondary appraisal)
coping
ongoing evaluation and reinterpretation of the vent of circumstance, as well as continued evaluation of the efficacy of the individual’s coping strategies. Adaptation incorporates all processes emplyed by an organism in response to stress in attempt to survive and thrive.
Reappraisal and Adaptation
originate within a person and can be physical, spiritual, cognitive, emotional, and psychological well being of an individual and depends on the satisfaction of these human needs. (Feelings of depression, infections and emotions)
Internal stressors
originate outside of the individual (moving to another place, death in the family, or pressure from peers, natural disasters..
external stressors
challenges faced by each individual when progressing through the life span.
Developmental Stressor
stressors such as beginning school, establishing peer relationships, peer competition.
children
stressors such as changing physique, relationships involving sexual attraction, exploring independence, choose a career.
adolescent
stressors such as marriage, leaving home, managing a home, getting started in an occupation, continuing one’s education, and children
young adults
stressors such as physical changes from aging, maintaining social status and standard of living, helping teenage children to become independent, aging parents
middle adults
stressors such as decreasing physical abilities and health, changes in residence, retirement and reduced income, death of a spouse and friends.
older adults
are unpredictable and may occur at any time during the life (death of a family member, marriage/divorce, birth of a child, new job, illness)
situational stressors
directly triggers the stress response without any necessary recognition from the individual of the situation being stressful. (ex: extreme temperatures, caffeine, nicotine)
biogenic stressors
environmental events (real or imagined), does not directly trigger stress response, but instead depends on how the individual views the stressor.
Psychological stressors
stresses like roller-coaster rides, nursing licensure exam
acute and time limited
stressors like losing a job and subsequently filing for bankruptcy
sequential events following initial stressor
stressor like a strained relationship with in-laws, shared caretaking for an elderly parent
chronic intermittent
stressors like paralysis, and disability
chronic permanent
stressors such as living, caring for children, pets, work, paying bills, traffic, and neighbors
daily stressors
dealing with change (successfully or unsuccessfully)
coping
natural or learned way of responding to a changing environment or specific problem or situation. The cognitive and behavioral effort to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person. They vary among individuals and are related to the perception of the stressful occurrence. Three approaches to coping with stress are to alter the stressor, adapt to the stressor, or avoid the stressor. A person may change their coping strategy based on the reappraisal of the situation. A person’s coping measures depend on many factors including; the number, duration and intensity of the stressors, past experiences, support systems, and personal qualities of the person.
coping strategies/mechanisms
efforts to improve a situation by making changes or taking some action
problem-focused coping
includes thoughts and actions that relieve emotional distress. This does not improve the situation, but the person often feels better
emotion-focused coping
can be constructive and practical. (ex: talking to others, and trying to find out more about the situation; change of lifestyle patterns, balancing leisure time with working, or using problem solving in decision making instead of anger or other nonproductive strategies.)
long term coping strategies
can reduce stress to a tolerable limit temporarily, but are ineffective ways to permanently deal with reality. They may be destructive or detrimental to the person. (Ex: alcohol and drug use, daydreaming and fantasizing, relying on the belief that everything will work out, and giving in to others to avoid anger.)
short term coping strategies
helps the person to deal effectively with stressful events and minimizes distress associated with them. results in adaptation.
adapative-effective coping
result in unneccessary distress for the person and other associated with the person or stressful event.
maladaptive/ineffective coping
used both behaviors and cognitive processes to avoid the stressor.
avoidance coping
confronting and trying to change the stressor by taking direct action
approach coping
involves reevaluation to reduce the appraisal of a threat.
meaning-focused coping
