Assessment of Coping Flashcards
On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is “very minor” and 10 is “extreme”, how would you rate the stress you are experiencing in the following areas?
home, work or school, finance, recent illness, or loss of a loved one, your health, family responsibilities, relationships with friends, relationships with parents or children, relationships with partner, recent hospitalization, other
crying and cringing
infants coping strategy
frightened and react by withdrawing or losing control
toddlers and preschool age coping strategy
“sandwich generation” caring for both their children and parents and are unable to leave enough time for themselves
middle adults coping strategy
more capable of thinking about incidents that cause stress and talking with adults. (As children grow they are able to develop more coping skills to manage stressful situations)
Middle Aged Adults
May experience losses and changes. Changes in health, decreased functional ability and independence, need for relocation, loss of family and friends, and becoming a caregiver for a spouse are some of their major stressors.
Older Adults
Pupils dilate, sweat production increases, heart rate and cardiac output increase, skin is pallid, sodium and water retention increases, rate and depth of respiration increase, urinary output decreases, mouth may become dry, peristalsis of the intestines decreases, mental alertness improves, muscle tensions increases, blood sugar increases.
Initial stress response
nail biting, nervousness, weight changes, hypertension, and dyspnea
Other stress responses
state of mental uneasiness, apprehension, dread, or foreboding or a feeling of helplessness related to an impending or anticipated unidentified threat to self or significant relationships.
anxiety
produces a slight arousal that enhances perception, learning, and productive abilities. Most healthy people experience mild anxiety, perhaps a feeling of mild restlessness that prompts a person to seek information and ask questions.
mild anxiety
increased questioning, mild restlessness, sleeplessness, feelings of increased arousal and alertness, increase in motivation, irritability and uses learning to adapt.
clinical manifestations of anxiety
mild _____ is typically resolved by an individual’s coping mechanisms. Improved sleep hygiene, relaxation techniques, behavior therapy, massage, aroma therapy.
Clinical Therapies for anxiety
increases the arousal to a point where the person expresses tension, nervousness, or concern. Perceptual abilities are narrowed. Attention is focused more on a particular aspect of a situation than on peripheral activities.
moderate anxiety
voice tremors and pitch changes, tremors, facial twitches, and shakiness, increased muscle tension, narrowed focus of attention, able to focus but selectively inattentive, learning slightly impaired, slightly increased respiratory and heart rates, self-absorption, increased restlessness, increased perspiration, rapid speech, louder tone, higher pitch and mild gastric symptoms (butterflies in stomach)
Clinical Manifestations of Moderate Anxiety
cognitive and behavior therapy to identify triggers and learn improved coping techniques, relaxation techniques, complementary and alternative therapies (yoga, acupuncture, and massage), lose-does anti-anxiety medications if symptoms do not improve
clinical therapies for moderate anxiety
consumes most of the person’s energies and requires intervention. Perception is further decreased, the person is unable to focus on what is happening, focuses on only one specific detail of the situation generating the anxiety.
severe anxiety
communication difficult to understand, increased motor activity, inability to relax, fearful facial expression, inability to focus or concentrate, feelings of dread/horror, trembling, insomnia, palpitations, diarrhea, easily distracted, learning severely impaired, tachycardia, hyperventilation, headache, dizziness, and nausea
clinical manifestations of severe anxiety
cognitive and behavior therapies to learn to identify triggers and to learn better coping techniques, anti-anxiety medications, relaxation techniques, complementary therapies such as yoga, acupuncture, and massage and possible hospitalization
clinical therapies for severe anxiety
is an overpowering, frightening level of anxiety causing the person to lose control. It is less frequently experienced than the other levels of anxiety. The perception of a panicked person can be affected to the degree that the person distorts events.
Panic
communication may not be understandable, increased motor activity, agitation, unpredictable responses, trembling, poor motor coordination, perception distorted or exaggerated inability to learn or function, dyspnea, palpitations, choking, chest pain/pressure, feeling of impending doom, paresthesia, and sweating
clinical manifestations of panic
placing client in a quiet, less stimulating environment, use of repetitive or physical task to diffuse energy, anti-anxiety medication, CBT, pharmacologic therapy, relaxation techniques, improved sleep hygiene, massage acupuncture, yoga, hydrotherapy, nutrition consultation, mental health counseling.
Clinical Therapies of panic
emotion or feeling of apprehension aroused by impending or seeming danger, pain, or another perceived threat. Fear may be a response to something that has already occurred, an immediate or current threat, or something the person believes will happen.
fear
the source of anxiety may not be identifiable, whereas the source of fear is identifiable. Anxiety is related to the future (an anticipated event), whereas fear is related to past, present and future; anxiety is vague, whereas fear is definite. Anxiety is the result of psychological or emotional conflict, whereas fear is the result of a specific physical or psychological entitiy.
differences between fear and anxiety
emotional state consisting of a subjective feeling of animosity or strong displeasure
anger
a signal to others of one’s internal psychological discomfort and a call for assistance to deal with perceived stress. If the patient verbalizes the source of anger, it is considered constructive. The clarification allows the anger to be out in the open so that the other person can deal and help alleviate it. Think about this as “getting it off your chest”. This prevents emotional build up.
verbal expression
marked by overt antagonism and harmful or destructive behavior
hostility
unprovoked attack or a hostile, injurious, or destructive action or outlook
aggression
exertion of physical force to injure or abuse
violence
common reaction to events that seem overwhelming or negative, is an extreme feeling of sadness, despair, dejection, lack of worth or emptiness
depression
fatigue, sadness, emptiness, or numbness
emotional clinical manifestation of depression
irritability, inability to concentrate, difficulty making decision, loss of sexual desire, crying, sleep disturbance, and social withdraw
behavioral clinical manifestations of depression
loss of appetite, weight loss, constipation, headache, and dizziness
physical clinical manifestations of depression
Unconscious psychological adaptive mechanisms or mental mechanisms that develop as the personality attempts to defend itself, establish compromises among conflicting impulses, and calm inner tensions. These protect the person from anxiety and are considered precursors to conscious cognitive coping mechanisms that will ultimately solve the problem.
Ego Defense Mechanisms
covering up weakness by emphasizing a more desirable trait or by over-achievement in a more comfortable area. Allows a person to overcome weakness and achieve success.
compensation
attempt to screen or ignore unacceptable realities by refusing to acknowledge them. Temporarily isolates a person from the full impact of a traumatic situation.
Denial
transferring or discharging of emotional reactions fro one object or person. Allows for feelings to be expressed through or to less dangerous objects or people.
Displacement
attempt to manage anxiety by imitating the behavior of someone feared or respected. Helps a person avoid self-devaluation
Identification
mechansim by which an emotional response that normally would accompany an uncomfortable or painful incident is evaded by the use of rational explanations that remove from the incident any personal significance and feelings. Protects a person from pain and traumatic events.
Intellectualization
form of identification that allows for the acceptance of other’s norms and values into oneself, even when contrary to one’s previous assumptions. Helps a person avoid social retaliation and punishment, particularly important for the child’s development of superego.
Introjection
not acknowledging the significance of one’s behavior. allows the person to decrease responsibility for own behavior.
minimization
process in which blame is attached to others or the environment for unacceptable desires, thoughts, shortcomings, and mistakes. Allows a person to deny the existence of shortcomings, and mistakes, protects self-image
projection
justification of certain behaviors by faulty logic and ascribing motives that are socially acceptable but did not in fact inspire the behavior. Helps a person cope with the inability to meet goals or certain standards.
Rationalization
mechanism that causes people to act exactly opposite to the way they feel. Aids in reinforcing repression by allowing feeling to be acted out in a more acceptable way.
Reaction formation
resorting to an earlier, more comfortable level of functioning that is characteristically less demanding and responsible. Allows a person to return to a point in development when nurturing and dependency were needed and accepted with comfort.
Regression
unconscious mechanism by which threatening thoughts, feelings, and desires are kept from becoming conscious, the repressed material is denied entry into traumatic experience until they have the resources to cope.
Repression
displacement of energy associated with more primitive sexual or aggressive drives into social acceptable activities. Protects a person from behaving in irrational, impulsive ways.
sublimation
replacement of a highly valued, unacceptable, or unavailable object by a less valuable, acceptable, or available object. Help a person achieve goals and minimizes frustration and disappointment
substitution
actions or words designed to cancel some disapproved thoughts, impulses, or acts in which the person relieves guilt by making reparation. Allows a persons to appease guilty feelings and atone for mistakes.
undoing
cognitive indicator that involves thinking through the threatening situation or problem, analyzes or defines it, choose alternatives, carries out the selected alternative, and evaluates whether the solution is stressful.
Problem solving
cognitive indicator where the arrangement or manipulation of a situation so that threatening events do not occur. Can be productive in certain situations.
Structuring
cognitive indicator assuming a manner and facial expression that conveys the sense of being in control or in charge. When self-control prevent panic and harmful or nonproductive actions, it conveys strength. However, when carried to an extreme can delay problem solving and prevent a person from receiving the support of others (individuals may see them as handling the situation well or as if they were unconcerned.
self control (discipline)
cognitive indicator that consciously and willfully putting a thought or feeling out of mind. “I won’t deal with it today, I will do it tomorrow”. This temporarily relieves stress, but does not solve the problem.
Suppresion
cognitive indicator where unfulfilled wishes and desires are imagined as fulfilled or a threatening experience is reworked or replayed so that it ends differently from reality. Experiences can be relived, everyday problem solves, and plans for the future are made. A solution to their current problem may be fantasized. Fantasizing can be helpful if they lead to problem solving. However, they can also be destructive and nonproductive if the person uses them in excess and retreats from reality.
Fantasy/Daydreaming
results in exhaustion and increased susceptibility to health problems; mental illness, interpersonal problems, work difficulties and significant decrease to meet basic human needs.
prolonged stress
negative effects of stress on human needs
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
a part of maslow’s heirarchy of needs that alters elimination pattern; changes in appetite; and sleep pattern
physiological
a part of maslow’s hierarchy of needs that expresses nervousness and feelings of being threatened; focuses on stressors, inattention to safety measures.
safety and security
a part of maslow’s hierarchy of needs where isolation and withdrawl occurs; becomes overly dependent; blames others for own problems.
Love and Belonging
a part of maslow’s hierarchy of needs that fails to socialize with others; becomes a workaholic; draws attention to self.
Self-Esteem
a part of maslow’s hierarchy of needs preoccupied with own problems; shows lack of control; unable to accept reality.
Self-Actualization
