Stress and Anxiety Flashcards
What point should you recall for a short response about body homeostasis?
Nervous: acute response
Endocrine: stable response
What is a “stressor”
A stressor is an internal or external change in environment, which elicits a homeostatic response.
What are two characteristic of acute stress?
It is “turned off” when the environment returns to normal.
It resolves when the stressor goes away.
What is one reason we’d connect the term “eustress” with “routine stress”?
Because routine stressors help us prepare for challenges in life and are therefore helpful.
What are two characteristics to remember about “eustress”?
It isn’t categorised by stressor type, but by subjective cognitive appraisal.
Eustress enables us to deal with the stressor and is a healthy part of life.
What are three attributions you can make to a stressor in a subjective cognitive appraisal?
familiarity, controllability, predictability
In the HPA axis, the hypothalamus releases what to the anterior pituitary?
corticotropin-releasing hormone
It releases the hounds of the HPA system.
In the HPA axis, the anterior pituitary releases _______, which stimulates ___________ secretion from the adrenal cortex.
Anterior pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Adrenal cortex releases cortisol.
ACHT - it’s a hormone that heads for the adrenal cortex. Hence adrenocorticotropic hormone.
CRH stands for ____________
and ACTH stands for ___________
CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone
ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
What is the role of the amygdala in the HPA axis? What word can’t you leave out of an answer on that question?
The amygdala where the CRH neurons of the hypothalamus get their orders to go. I.e. the amygdala is what stimulates CRH release from the hypothalamus.
The amygdala mediates the FEAR response.
What is the role of the hippocampus in the HPA axis of the stress response?
The hippocampus provides negative feedback control to the HPA axis.
It does this with glucocorticoid receptors, which are stimulated by cortisol, which stimulates the hippocampus to send inhibitory signals to the CTH neurons of the hypothalamus.
What stimulates the hippocampus to inhibit the CTH neurons?
Cortisol binding to hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors.
Hence negative feedback inhibition.
What is a more medical description of “distress”?
When homeostatic mechanisms can’t compensate for the disturbance and restore the steady state.
A stressor might trigger distress if it is _____, ______ or _______. This can lead to malfunction, manifesting as disease or even death.
extreme, unusual or long-lasting.
What other term is associated with “physiological stress response”
general adaptation syndrome
Nerve impulses from where initiate the mass sympathetic discharge of the flight-or-flight response?
Hypothalamus.
Recall that the B1 receptors of the heart are also located in the ________ cells of the liver, triggering ___________ release, initiating the _________ system.
Juxtaglomerular cells of the nephron, triggering renin release, activating the RAAS system.
What is the sympathetic response responsible for BP antidiuresis?
Stimulation of B1 cells in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.
What are five effects of cortisol in the stress response?
- sensitisation of blood vessels
- gluconeogenesis
- protein catabolism
- lipolysis
- reducing inflammation
Hypothalamus -> pituitary -> liver
GHRH -> hGH -> lipolysis, gluconeogenesis
Hypothalamus -> pituitary -> thyroid
TRH -> TSH -> [T3 and T4] -> increased glucose burning
GHRH stands for __________
hGH stands for __________
growth hormone-releasing hormone
TRH stands for ___________
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
TSH stands for __________
thyroid stimulating hormone
