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MAP > Stress and Anxiety > Flashcards

Stress and Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

What point should you recall for a short response about body homeostasis?

A

Nervous: acute response
Endocrine: stable response

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2
Q

What is a “stressor”

A

A stressor is an internal or external change in environment, which elicits a homeostatic response.

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3
Q

What are two characteristic of acute stress?

A

It is “turned off” when the environment returns to normal.

It resolves when the stressor goes away.

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4
Q

What is one reason we’d connect the term “eustress” with “routine stress”?

A

Because routine stressors help us prepare for challenges in life and are therefore helpful.

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5
Q

What are two characteristics to remember about “eustress”?

A

It isn’t categorised by stressor type, but by subjective cognitive appraisal.
Eustress enables us to deal with the stressor and is a healthy part of life.

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6
Q

What are three attributions you can make to a stressor in a subjective cognitive appraisal?

A

familiarity, controllability, predictability

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7
Q

In the HPA axis, the hypothalamus releases what to the anterior pituitary?

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

It releases the hounds of the HPA system.

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8
Q

In the HPA axis, the anterior pituitary releases _______, which stimulates ___________ secretion from the adrenal cortex.

A

Anterior pituitary releases adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Adrenal cortex releases cortisol.

ACHT - it’s a hormone that heads for the adrenal cortex. Hence adrenocorticotropic hormone.

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9
Q

CRH stands for ____________

and ACTH stands for ___________

A

CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone
ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone

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10
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in the HPA axis? What word can’t you leave out of an answer on that question?

A

The amygdala where the CRH neurons of the hypothalamus get their orders to go. I.e. the amygdala is what stimulates CRH release from the hypothalamus.

The amygdala mediates the FEAR response.

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11
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in the HPA axis of the stress response?

A

The hippocampus provides negative feedback control to the HPA axis.
It does this with glucocorticoid receptors, which are stimulated by cortisol, which stimulates the hippocampus to send inhibitory signals to the CTH neurons of the hypothalamus.

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12
Q

What stimulates the hippocampus to inhibit the CTH neurons?

A

Cortisol binding to hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors.

Hence negative feedback inhibition.

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13
Q

What is a more medical description of “distress”?

A

When homeostatic mechanisms can’t compensate for the disturbance and restore the steady state.

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14
Q

A stressor might trigger distress if it is _____, ______ or _______. This can lead to malfunction, manifesting as disease or even death.

A

extreme, unusual or long-lasting.

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15
Q

What other term is associated with “physiological stress response”

A

general adaptation syndrome

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16
Q

Nerve impulses from where initiate the mass sympathetic discharge of the flight-or-flight response?

A

Hypothalamus.

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17
Q

Recall that the B1 receptors of the heart are also located in the ________ cells of the liver, triggering ___________ release, initiating the _________ system.

A

Juxtaglomerular cells of the nephron, triggering renin release, activating the RAAS system.

18
Q

What is the sympathetic response responsible for BP antidiuresis?

A

Stimulation of B1 cells in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney.

19
Q

What are five effects of cortisol in the stress response?

A
  1. sensitisation of blood vessels
  2. gluconeogenesis
  3. protein catabolism
  4. lipolysis
  5. reducing inflammation
20
Q

Hypothalamus -> pituitary -> liver

A

GHRH -> hGH -> lipolysis, gluconeogenesis

21
Q

Hypothalamus -> pituitary -> thyroid

A

TRH -> TSH -> [T3 and T4] -> increased glucose burning

22
Q

GHRH stands for __________

hGH stands for __________

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone

23
Q

TRH stands for ___________

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

24
Q

TSH stands for __________

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

25
Q

Very non-specifically, the lecture says that cortisol and corticosterone are concerned with normal metabolism (mainly __________) and _____________.

A

carbohydrates

resistance to stress

26
Q

Four effects of prolonged cortisol exposure characteristic of prolonged cortisol exposure are:

A

Immune suppression
GI ulceration
Pancreatic β cell failure (i.e. diabetes)
Muscle wasting

27
Q

Short answer prompt:

Pathological changes can occur when:

A
  1. resistance reaction persists after the stressor is removed
  2. immune system inhibition
28
Q

What are 5 disorders related to stress?

A 
Anxiety
Depression
IBS
Hypertension
Asthma
29
Q

Short answer prompt:

Four things that elicit “helpful” stress responses:

A

danger
temperature
environmental O2 availability
exercise (internal stress)

30
Q

Short answer prompt:

Eustress _________ and ___________.

A

mobilises hormones that increase alertness, help us escape from danger AND deal with external and internal homeostatic extremes

31
Q

What would you say form physiological axis of the maladaptive stress response?

A

The HPA axis,
hypothalamic GHRH & TRH,
sympathetic activity along with adrenomedullary catecholamine release

32
Q

What’s a cruel way nature fucks over our stress regulation mechanisms?

A

Prolonged cortisol exposure is necrotic to hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors.

33
Q

What hormones from this lecture influence the immune system?

A

Cortisol, ACTH, Ad and NAd

34
Q

INCOMPLETE - include the “evidence” for neuroimmunology and the the answers from the booklet.

A

INCOMPLETE - include the “evidence” for neuroimmunology and the the answers from the booklet.

35
Q

What are endogenous opioids can block pain from nociceptors?

A

ENKEPHALINS and ENDORPHINS.

36
Q

Which cells release enkephalins and endorphins?

A 
MEDULLA neurons (specifically nucleus raphe magnus)
Lateral reticular formation (spans the length of the brain stem).
37
Q

What can stimulate the nucleus raphe magnus and lateral reticular formation?

A

Periaqueductal gray matter (in the mid brain).

38
Q

What can periaqueductal gray matter neurons activate?

A 
MEDULLA neurons (specifically nucleus raphe magnus)
Lateral reticular formation (spans the length of the brain stem).
39
Q

What can nucleus raphe magnum and lateral reticular formation neurons release?

A

Enkephalins and endorphins.

40
Q

What is interestingly involved in the stress/analgesia response?

A

THE PLACEBO EFFECT and DOPAMINE

MAP (15 decks)

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