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N116 > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Stress

A

refers to an internal or external event or demand of life experienced by the individual that is perceived and appraised for scope and meaning on a continuum to determine whether resources and abilities for management are available, exceeded, or exhausted.

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2
Q

Coping

A

Represents an individuals response to stress

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3
Q

Stress can stem from

A

Psychosocial, emotional, physical or physiological stimuli

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4
Q

Many experience what with stress

A

Anxiety, depression and grief

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5
Q

Stress treatment

A

Psychotherapy and short term drug treatment

Long term therapy may be required

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6
Q

Walter B. Cannon discovered

A

The flight or fight response

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7
Q

Hans Selye work showed…

A

physiological stress invloed enlargement of the adrenal gland, decreased lymphocyte levels, development of bleeding ulcers

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8
Q

Stress impairs the ability to…

A

Resist future stressors

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9
Q

Alarm stage

A

Stressor triggers the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
Activates sympathetic nervous system
Arousal of body defences

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10
Q

Resistance / Adaptation stage

A

Begins with the actions of adrenal hormones

Mobilization contributes to “fight or flight”

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11
Q

Exhaustion Stage

A

Occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful
Leads to stress-related disorders

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12
Q

3 stages of general adaptation syndrome

A

Alarm stage
Resistance/ Adaptation stage
Exhaustion stage

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13
Q

Sources of stress

A

Physiological

Psychological/ Emotional

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14
Q

Physiological stress

A

Originates from a physiological trigger and is associated with injury or illness

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15
Q

Psychological/ Emotional stress

A

More common, encountered on a regular basis and generates a star of unpleasant arousal

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16
Q

3 types of stress

A

Acute
Episodic
Chronic

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17
Q

Acute stress

A

Most common, usually for a short period of time, occurs in reaction to a real or perceived demand, threat or pressure

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18
Q

Episodic stress

A

Self-inflicted stress, taking on unrealistic assignments beyond what is reasonably expected

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19
Q

Chronic stress

A

Sustained demand, threat or pressure that is harmful, to health and wears on individuals continuously

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20
Q

Allostasis

A

Stability through change

Brain continuously monitors for future events and anticipates what is required from neuroendocrine and automatic systems

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21
Q

Allostatic overload

A

Over activation of adaptive systems

Highly individualized

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22
Q

Hypothalamus secretes

A

Corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH)

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23
Q

Pituitary releases

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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24
Q

Adrenal secretes

A

Cortisol and catecholamines

25
Q

Cortisol

A 
Secreted during stress
Reaches all tissues
Affects protein metabolism Promotes resolution and repair
Elevates blood glucose level
Shown to induce T-cell apoptosis
26
Q

What does cortisol stimulate

A

Gluconeogenesis

27
Q

What is an example of a powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent

A

Cortisol

28
Q

Abnormal elevations linked to cortisol are

A 
Obesity
Sleep deprivation
Lipid abnormalities
Hypertension (HTN)
Diabetes
Atherosclerosis
Loss of bone density
29
Q

Cortisol secretion during stress inhibits what

A

initial inflammatory effects

30
Q

Catecholamines are released from

A

The adrenal medulla

31
Q

Catecholamines

A

Mimic direct sympathetic stimulation
Increases pro inflammatory cytokine production
Increases HR, BP and impairs wound healing

32
Q

a- adrenergic receptors

A

a1 and a2

33
Q

B- adrenergic receptors

A

B1 and B2

34
Q

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

sympathetic neurotransmitter

Growth factor

35
Q

Histamines

A

pro inflammatory
Target mast cells
Induces acute inflammation and allergic reaction while suppressing Th1 and promoting Th2 activity

36
Q

Role of immune system

A

Stress directly related to pro inflammatory
Link between stress, immune function, and disease/ cancer
Immune system affected by neuroendocrinefactors
Stress response decreases T-cell cytotoxicity and B- cell function

37
Q

Psychosocial stress manifests as

A

physiological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural changes

38
Q

Psychosocial stress puts the individual at risk for

A

immunological defecits

39
Q

Psychosocial distress aggression associated with…

A

Changes in T- and B- cell in numbers

40
Q

Psychosocial distress is linked to

A

Chronic disorders if severe

41
Q

Coping with Psychosocial distress may be…

A

adaptive or maladaptive

42
Q

Maladaptive coping may contribute to

A

adverse health effects

43
Q

Individual risk factors

A 
Impaired cognition
Chronic health conditions including mental health issues
Multiple significant life changes
Socioeconomic status
Caregiver
Individual in a foreign country
Limited resources
Age
Changes in health conditions
44
Q

Stress-age syndrome

A

Excitability changes in the limbic system and hypothalamus

45
Q

Stress- age syndrome increases

A

Catecholamines, ADH, ACTH, and Cortisol

46
Q

Stress- age syndrome decreases

A

Testosterone, thyroxine, and other hormones

47
Q

Consequences of Chronic stress

A

Heightened responses

Exhaustion of resources leads to a loss of homeostasis

48
Q

Primary prevention of stress

A

Stress management
Counselling
Maintenance of positive relationships
Maintenance of optimal health

49
Q

Collaborative interventions

A

A patient interview is completed in order to determine what therapy will be ordered

50
Q

Many patients related to stress require

A

A combination of behavioural and drug therapy

51
Q

Pharmacological therapy

A 
Anxiolytics
Hypnotics
Antidepressants
Psychotherapeutics
Muscle relaxants
Antimigraine agents
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
52
Q

What is the goal of pharmacological treatment

A

Reduce anxiety by reducing the overactivity in the CNS, improve coping skills

53
Q

Anxiolytics action

A

reduce anxiety by reducing overactivity in the CNS; binds to GABA receptors

54
Q

Anxiolytics Indication

A

Ethanol withdrawal, insomnia, muscle spasms, seizure disorders, anxiety

55
Q

Anxiolytics contraindication

A

Known drug allergy

Narrow angle glaucoma, pregnancy

56
Q

Anxiolytics Adverse effects

A

CNS depression, hypotension, drowsiness, dizziness, lethargy, headache, ataxia, slurred speech, depression, bradycardia, hypotension, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

57
Q

Anxiolytics Prototype class

A

Benzodiazepines

58
Q

Anxiolytics prototype drug

A

Lorazempam

N116 (11 decks)

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