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N116 > Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Gas Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

gas exchange

A

oxygen transported to cells and carbon dioxide transported from cells

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2
Q

acid base balance

A

regulated to maintain normal PH

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3
Q

ischemia

A

insufficient flow of oxygenated blood to tissues

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4
Q

ischemia leads to

A

hypoxia and cell injury/death

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5
Q

hypoxia

A

oxygen reaching cells is insufficient

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6
Q

anoxia

A

total lack of oxygen in body tissues

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7
Q

diffusion

A

transport process

molecules distribute themselves evenly throughout solution

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8
Q

hypercapnia

A

increased carbon dioxide concentration in arterial blood

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9
Q

hypoxemia

A

reduced oxygenation of arterial blood

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10
Q

acute respiratory failure

A

inadequate gas exchange

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11
Q

risk factors for impairment of gas exchange (7)

A 
age
smoking 
chronic medical conditions (COPD, CF, HF)
immunosuppression 
reduced state of cognition 
brain injury 
prolonged immobility
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12
Q

diagnostic tests (4)

A

lab tests
radiology studies
pulmonary function
endoscopy

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13
Q

lab tests (4)

A

arterial blood gases (ABG)
complete blood count (CBC)
sputum
biopsy

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14
Q

radiology studies (5)

A 
chest x-ray 
CT
MRI
ventilation/perfusion scan 
positron emission tomography scan (PET)
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15
Q

primary prevention (4)

A

infection control
smoking cessation
immunization
preventing post-op complications

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16
Q

secondary prevention (2)

A

TB skin test

screening programs

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17
Q

classification of pulmonary disorders (6)

A 
acute 
chronic 
obstructive 
restrictive 
infectious 
noninfectious
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18
Q

dyspnea

A

subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing

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19
Q

orthopnea

A

dyspnea when lying down

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20
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

A

people who suffer form pulmonary/cardiac disease that wake up in the night gasping for air

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21
Q

cough

A

acute - resolves in 2-3 weeks

chronic - persistent, present in those who smoke

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22
Q

abnormal smoking

A

change in colour, consistency, and amount

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23
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood

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24
Q

abnormal breathing patterns

A 
Kussmaul respiration (hyperpnea)
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
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25
Q

hypoventilation

A

inadequate ventilation

hypercapnia

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26
Q

hyperventilation

A

ventilation that exceeds metabolic needs

hypocapnia

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27
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish discolouration of the skin

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28
Q

chest wall disorders (2)

A

chest wall restriction (compromised)

flail chest - instability of a portion of the chest wall

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29
Q

pneumothorax

A 
presence of air or gas in the pleural space 
open 
tension 
spontaneous 
secondary
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30
Q

clinical manifestations of pneumothorax

A 
sudden pleural pain
tachypnea 
dyspnea 
absent or decreased breath sounds on affected side 
tracheal deviation
31
Q

pleural effusion

A

presence of fluid in the pleural space

32
Q

pleural effusion

transudative effusion

A

watery

33
Q

pleural effusion

exudative effusion

A

high WBC and proteins

34
Q

pleural effusion

hemothorax

A

blood

35
Q

pleural effusion

empyema

A

infected pleural effusion, pus

36
Q

pleural effusion

chylothorax

A

chyle

37
Q

clinical manifestations of pleural effusion

A

dyspnea, compression atelectasis, pleural pain, decreased breath sounds

38
Q

restrictive pulmonary disorders cause

A

decreased compliance of lung tissue

39
Q

RPD

aspiration

A

passage of fluids and solid particles into the lungs

CM: choking, cough with or w/o vomiting, fever, dyspnea, wheezing

40
Q

pleural abnormalities

A

pneumothorax

pleural effusion

41
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of lung tissue

CM: dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis

42
Q

three types of atelectasis

A

compression
absorption
surfactant

43
Q

bronchiectasis

A

persistent abnormal dilation of bronchi

44
Q

bronchiolitis

A

inflammatory obstruction of the small airways
occurs with chronic bronchitis
CM: rapid ventilation rate, use of accessory muscles, low grade fever, dry non-productive cough, hyper inflated chest

45
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

excessive amount of fibrous connective tissue in the lung

46
Q

inhalation disorders

A

toxic gases
pneumoconiosis
allergic alveolitis

47
Q

pulmonary edema

A

excess water in the lungs

CM: dyspnea, hypoxemia, increased WOB

48
Q

acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveocapillary membrane

49
Q

obstructive pulmonary disorders

A

airway obstruction that is worse with expiration

dyspnea and wheezing

50
Q

obstructive pulmonary disorders

examples (4)

A

asthma
COPD
emphysema
chronic bronchitis

51
Q

asthma

A

chronic inflammatory disorders of the airways hyper
responsiveness of the airways
expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea

52
Q

treatments for asthma

A

peak flow meters, corticosteroids, bet-agonists, anti-inflammatories

53
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

persistent airflow limitation

progressive

54
Q

risk factors for COPD (4)

A

tobacco smoke
occupational dusts and chemicals
air pollution
any factor affecting lung growth during gestation and childhood

55
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough that lasts for three months of the year for two consecutive years

56
Q

treatments for chronic bronchitis

A

bronchodilators, expectorants and chest physiotherapy

57
Q

emphysema

A

abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls w/o obvious fibrosis

58
Q

types of infectious pulmonary disorders (8)

A 
bronchitis 
pneumonia 
pneumococcal 
tuberculosis 
pulmonary embolus 
pulmonary hypertension 
cor pulmonale 
malignancies
59
Q

acute bronchitis

A

acute infection of the airways or bronchi
follows viral illness
symptoms: similar to pneumonia

60
Q

pneumonia and pneumococcal

A

lower respiratory infection

61
Q

pneumonia and pneumococcal caused by

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or parasites

62
Q

types of pneumonia and pneumococcal

A

health care acquired
community acquired
hospital acquired
ventilator-associated

63
Q

pneumococcal is the most

A

most common and most lethal

64
Q

pneumonia and pneumococcal clinical manifestations

A

fever, chills, productive or dry cough, malaise, pleural pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis

65
Q

tuberculosis caused by

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

acid-fast bacillus

66
Q

tuberculosis transmission

A

airborne

67
Q

pulmonary embolus

A

occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by a thrombus, embolus, tissue fragment, lipids or an air bubble

68
Q

virchow triad

A

venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and injury to endothelial cells that line vessels

69
Q

clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolus

A

pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, unexplained anxiety

70
Q

pulmonary artery hypertension

A

mean pulmonary artery pressure over 25 mmHg at rest

disease of the respiratory and hypoxemia are common causes

71
Q

cor pulmonale

A

pulmonary heart disease
right ventricular enlargement
secondary to pulmonary hypertension
P.H. creates chronic pressure overload in right ventricle

72
Q

malignancies of respiratory tract

A

laryngeal

lung (bronchogenic)

73
Q

laryngeal

A

carcinoma of the true vocal cords
supraglottic
subglottic (rare)
CM: hoarseness, dyspnea, cough

74
Q

lung (bronchogenic)

A 
leading cause of cancer death in Canada 
non-small cell cancer
  - squamous cell carcinoma 
  - adenocarcinoma
large cell carcinoma 
small cell (oat cell) carcinoma from neuroendocrine tissue

N116 (11 decks)

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