Gas Exchange Flashcards
gas exchange
oxygen transported to cells and carbon dioxide transported from cells
acid base balance
regulated to maintain normal PH
ischemia
insufficient flow of oxygenated blood to tissues
ischemia leads to
hypoxia and cell injury/death
hypoxia
oxygen reaching cells is insufficient
anoxia
total lack of oxygen in body tissues
diffusion
transport process
molecules distribute themselves evenly throughout solution
hypercapnia
increased carbon dioxide concentration in arterial blood
hypoxemia
reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
acute respiratory failure
inadequate gas exchange
risk factors for impairment of gas exchange (7)
age smoking chronic medical conditions (COPD, CF, HF) immunosuppression reduced state of cognition brain injury prolonged immobility
diagnostic tests (4)
lab tests
radiology studies
pulmonary function
endoscopy
lab tests (4)
arterial blood gases (ABG)
complete blood count (CBC)
sputum
biopsy
radiology studies (5)
chest x-ray CT MRI ventilation/perfusion scan positron emission tomography scan (PET)
primary prevention (4)
infection control
smoking cessation
immunization
preventing post-op complications
secondary prevention (2)
TB skin test
screening programs
classification of pulmonary disorders (6)
acute chronic obstructive restrictive infectious noninfectious
dyspnea
subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing
orthopnea
dyspnea when lying down
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
people who suffer form pulmonary/cardiac disease that wake up in the night gasping for air
cough
acute - resolves in 2-3 weeks
chronic - persistent, present in those who smoke
abnormal smoking
change in colour, consistency, and amount
hemoptysis
coughing up blood
abnormal breathing patterns
Kussmaul respiration (hyperpnea) Cheyne-Stokes respiration
hypoventilation
inadequate ventilation
hypercapnia
hyperventilation
ventilation that exceeds metabolic needs
hypocapnia
cyanosis
bluish discolouration of the skin
chest wall disorders (2)
chest wall restriction (compromised)
flail chest - instability of a portion of the chest wall
pneumothorax
presence of air or gas in the pleural space open tension spontaneous secondary
clinical manifestations of pneumothorax
sudden pleural pain tachypnea dyspnea absent or decreased breath sounds on affected side tracheal deviation
pleural effusion
presence of fluid in the pleural space
pleural effusion
transudative effusion
watery
pleural effusion
exudative effusion
high WBC and proteins
pleural effusion
hemothorax
blood
pleural effusion
empyema
infected pleural effusion, pus
pleural effusion
chylothorax
chyle
clinical manifestations of pleural effusion
dyspnea, compression atelectasis, pleural pain, decreased breath sounds
restrictive pulmonary disorders cause
decreased compliance of lung tissue
RPD
aspiration
passage of fluids and solid particles into the lungs
CM: choking, cough with or w/o vomiting, fever, dyspnea, wheezing
pleural abnormalities
pneumothorax
pleural effusion
atelectasis
collapse of lung tissue
CM: dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis
three types of atelectasis
compression
absorption
surfactant
bronchiectasis
persistent abnormal dilation of bronchi
bronchiolitis
inflammatory obstruction of the small airways
occurs with chronic bronchitis
CM: rapid ventilation rate, use of accessory muscles, low grade fever, dry non-productive cough, hyper inflated chest
pulmonary fibrosis
excessive amount of fibrous connective tissue in the lung
inhalation disorders
toxic gases
pneumoconiosis
allergic alveolitis
pulmonary edema
excess water in the lungs
CM: dyspnea, hypoxemia, increased WOB
acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveocapillary membrane
obstructive pulmonary disorders
airway obstruction that is worse with expiration
dyspnea and wheezing
obstructive pulmonary disorders
examples (4)
asthma
COPD
emphysema
chronic bronchitis
asthma
chronic inflammatory disorders of the airways hyper
responsiveness of the airways
expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea
treatments for asthma
peak flow meters, corticosteroids, bet-agonists, anti-inflammatories
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
persistent airflow limitation
progressive
risk factors for COPD (4)
tobacco smoke
occupational dusts and chemicals
air pollution
any factor affecting lung growth during gestation and childhood
chronic bronchitis
hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough that lasts for three months of the year for two consecutive years
treatments for chronic bronchitis
bronchodilators, expectorants and chest physiotherapy
emphysema
abnormal permanent enlargement of the gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls w/o obvious fibrosis
types of infectious pulmonary disorders (8)
bronchitis pneumonia pneumococcal tuberculosis pulmonary embolus pulmonary hypertension cor pulmonale malignancies
acute bronchitis
acute infection of the airways or bronchi
follows viral illness
symptoms: similar to pneumonia
pneumonia and pneumococcal
lower respiratory infection
pneumonia and pneumococcal caused by
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or parasites
types of pneumonia and pneumococcal
health care acquired
community acquired
hospital acquired
ventilator-associated
pneumococcal is the most
most common and most lethal
pneumonia and pneumococcal clinical manifestations
fever, chills, productive or dry cough, malaise, pleural pain, dyspnea, hemoptysis
tuberculosis caused by
mycobacterium tuberculosis
acid-fast bacillus
tuberculosis transmission
airborne
pulmonary embolus
occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by a thrombus, embolus, tissue fragment, lipids or an air bubble
virchow triad
venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and injury to endothelial cells that line vessels
clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolus
pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, unexplained anxiety
pulmonary artery hypertension
mean pulmonary artery pressure over 25 mmHg at rest
disease of the respiratory and hypoxemia are common causes
cor pulmonale
pulmonary heart disease
right ventricular enlargement
secondary to pulmonary hypertension
P.H. creates chronic pressure overload in right ventricle
malignancies of respiratory tract
laryngeal
lung (bronchogenic)
laryngeal
carcinoma of the true vocal cords
supraglottic
subglottic (rare)
CM: hoarseness, dyspnea, cough
lung (bronchogenic)
leading cause of cancer death in Canada non-small cell cancer - squamous cell carcinoma - adenocarcinoma large cell carcinoma small cell (oat cell) carcinoma from neuroendocrine tissue
