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N116 > Gas Exchange part 2 > Flashcards

Gas Exchange part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

disorder of the airway (upper) (6)

A 
croup 
acute epiglottitis 
tonsillar infections 
bacterial tracheitis 
aspiration 
obstructive sleep apnea
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2
Q

disorder of the airway (upper) (6)

A 
croup 
acute epiglottitis 
tonsillar infections 
bacterial tracheitis 
aspiration 
obstructive sleep apnea
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3
Q

disorders of the airway (lower)

A 
respiratory distress syndrome 
pulmonary hypertension 
bronchopulmonary dysplasia 
respiratory infections 
   - bronchiolitis
   - pneumonia 
bronchiolitis obliterans 
asthma
ARDS
cystic fibrosis
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4
Q

croup

A

caused by subglottic inflammation and edema
acute laryngotracheobronchitis
kids 6 months - 5 years
commonly caused by parainfluenza virus

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5
Q

spasmodic croup

A

older children
sudden night onset with no prior illness
triggered by cold, allergies, or viral infection

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6
Q

croup occurs after

A

episode of rhinorrhea, sore throat, low grade fever, inspiratory stridor and hoarse voice

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7
Q

croup causes

A

seal-like barking cough

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8
Q

acute epiglottitis

A

sever infection of epiglottis and surrounding area
caused by haemophilus influenzae type B
Hib vaccine

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9
Q

manifestations of acute epiglottitis

A 
high fever
irritability 
sore throat 
inspiratory stridor
muffled voice
severe respiratory distress
treatment: no throat exam, emergency airway and antibiotics
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10
Q

tonsillar infections

A

complication of infectious mononucleosis

can lead to upper airway obstruction

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11
Q

bacterial tracheitis

A

caused by S. aureus, H. influenzae or group A beta-hemolytic strep
treated with antibiotics and endotracheal intubation

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12
Q

bronchiolitis

A 
associated pathogen: respiratory syncytial virus 
manifestations: 
rhinorrhea 
tight cough 
decreased appetite, lethargy, fever
wheezing, tachypnea
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13
Q

obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

A 
partial or intermittent complete upper airway obstruction during sleep 
most common cause in children is adenotonsillar hypertrophy 
manifestations:
snoring 
laboured breathing 
daytime sleepiness 
chronic mouth breathing 
treatment:
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or CPAP
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14
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

poor lung structure and lack of adequate surfactant
primary disease of preterm infants
caused by surfactant deficiency
causes widespread atelectasis resulting in hypoxemia

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15
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A 
causes continued shunting of blood away from the lungs 
symptoms:
tachypnea 
expiratory grunting 
nasal flaring and retractions 
cyanosis
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16
Q

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

poor formation of the alveolar structure with fewer and larger alveoli and decreased area for gas exchange
associated with premies, prolonged perinatal supplemental oxygen and positive pressure ventilation

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17
Q

bronchopulmonary dysplasia manifestations

A 
hypoxemia 
hypercapnia 
elevated work of breathing 
brochospasm 
mucous plugging 
pulmonary hypertension
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18
Q

diaphragmatic breathing

A

focuses on using the diaphragm instead of accessory muscles to achieve maximum inhalation and to slow the respiratory rate

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19
Q

nutritional therapy

A

BMI between 21 - 25 kg/m2
use bronchodilator before meals
5-6 small meals a day

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20
Q

croup occurs after

A

episode of rhinorrhea, sore throat, low grade fever, inspiratory stridor and hoarse voice

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21
Q

types of pharmacotherapies

A 
oxygen
bronchodilators 
long-acting anticholinergic 
inhaled corticosteroid therapy 
antitussives 
expectorants
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22
Q

acute epiglottitis

A

sever infection of epiglottis and surrounding area
caused by haemophilus influenzae type B
Hib vaccine

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23
Q

manifestations of acute epiglottitis

A 
high fever
irritability 
sore throat 
inspiratory stridor
muffled voice
severe respiratory distress
treatment: no throat exam, emergency airway and antibiotics
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24
Q

tonsillar infections

A

complication of infectious mononucleosis

can lead to upper airway obstruction

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25
Q

bacterial tracheitis

A

caused by S. aureus, H. influenzae or group A beta-hemolytic strep
treated with antibiotics and endotracheal intubation

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26
Q

aspiration

A 
foreign body in the lungs 
manifestations: 
coughing 
choking
gagging
wheezing 
can be removed with brochoscopy
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27
Q

obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

A 
partial or intermittent complete upper airway obstruction during sleep 
most common cause in children is adenotonsillar hypertrophy 
manifestations:
snoring 
laboured breathing 
daytime sleepiness 
chronic mouth breathing 
treatment:
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy or CPAP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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28
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

poor lung structure and lack of adequate surfactant
primary disease of preterm infants
caused by surfactant deficiency
causes widespread atelectasis resulting in hypoxemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A 
causes continued shunting of blood away from the lungs 
symptoms:
tachypnea 
expiratory grunting 
nasal flaring and retractions 
cyanosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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30
Q

bronchopulmonary dysplasia

A

poor formation of the alveolar structure with fewer and larger alveoli and decreased area for gas exchange
associated with premies, prolonged perinatal supplemental oxygen and positive pressure ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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31
Q

bronchopulmonary dysplasia manifestations

A 
hypoxemia 
hypercapnia 
elevated work of breathing 
brochospasm 
mucous plugging 
pulmonary hypertension
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32
Q

anticholinergics

adverse effects

A

dry mouth/throat, nasal congestion, heart palpations, GI distress, urinary retention, increased intraocular pressure, headache, cough, anxiety

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33
Q

bacterial pneumonia

A

streptococci and staphylococci

pneumococcal pneumonia most common cause of bacterial pneumonia

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34
Q

viral pneumonia

A

most common one in children is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
also parainfluenza, influenza and adenovirus

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35
Q

aspiration pneumonitis

A

caused by foreign substance in the lungs resulting in inflammation of lung tissue

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36
Q

bronchiolitis obliterans

A

fibrotic obstruction of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts secondary to intense inflammation
usually sequelae to severe viral pulmonary infection

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37
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive inherited disease
affects lungs, digestive tract, and reproductive organs
mucous plugging, chronic inflammation, and chronic infection of small air ways

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38
Q

pursed lip breathing

A

prolongs exhalation and prevents brochiolar collapse and air trapping

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39
Q

effective coughing

A

conserve energy
reduce fatigue
facilitate removal secretions

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40
Q

nutritional therapy

A

BMI between 21 - 25 kg/m2
use bronchiodilator before meals
5-6 small meals a day

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41
Q

pharmacotherapy

A

dilate airways, decrease edema, increase cough effectiveness, and mircrorganisms

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42
Q

aerosol

A

nebulizer
dry powder inhaler
metered dose inhaler
delivers drug to the immediate site of action

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43
Q

bronchodilators

A 
relax bronchial smooth muscle causing bronchodilation
three classes:
beta-adrenergic agonists 
anticholinergics 
xanthine derivatives
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44
Q

beta-adrenergic agonists

A

used in acute phase of asthma attack or acute exacerbation of COPD
reduces airway constriction, allows airflow to return to normal

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45
Q

beta-adrenergic agonists

action

A

dilate airways by stimulating the beta-2 adrenergic receptors located in the lungs

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46
Q

beta-adrenergic agonists

indications

A

prevention or relief of bronchospasm related to COPD and asthma. treat hypotension and shock

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47
Q

beta-adrenergic agonists

contraindications

A

known drug allergy, uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia, stroke

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48
Q

beta-adrenergic agonists

adverse effects

A

insomnia, restlessness, anorexia, heart stimulation, hyperglycemia, tremor, vascular headache, tachycardia, angina pain, hyper/hypotension

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49
Q

sulbutamol sulphate (Ventolin)

A

short acting bronchodilating b-agonist

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50
Q

bronchodilators: anticholinergics

A

used for treatment of COPD and asthma

allows for bronchodilation by preventing acetylcholine from binding to its receptors

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51
Q

anticholinergics

contraindications

A

known drug allergy, prostate enlargement or acute angle-closure glaucoma

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52
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

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53
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

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54
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

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55
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

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56
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
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57
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
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58
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

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59
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

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60
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

How well did you know this?
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3
4
5
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61
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

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62
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
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63
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
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64
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

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65
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

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66
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

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67
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

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68
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

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69
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

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70
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

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72
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
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73
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
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74
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

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75
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

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76
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

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77
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

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78
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
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5
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87
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

How well did you know this?
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97
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

How well did you know this?
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2
3
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5
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98
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
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5
Perfectly
102
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

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106
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

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107
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

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108
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

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3
4
5
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109
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

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5
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110
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

How well did you know this?
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3
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5
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111
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

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112
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
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2
3
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113
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
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3
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5
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114
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

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115
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

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3
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5
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116
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

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2
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5
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117
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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118
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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119
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

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5
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120
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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121
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

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5
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122
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
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1
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2
3
4
5
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123
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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124
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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125
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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126
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

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2
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5
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127
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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128
Q

corticosteroids

adverse effects

A 
pharyngeal irritation
coughing 
dry mouth 
oral fungal infections 
adrenocortical insufficiency 
increased susceptibility to infection 
fluid and electrolyte disturbances 
endocrine effects  
dermatological and connective tissue effects
How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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129
Q

fluticasone propionate (Flovent)

A

oral or intranasal administration
usually administered BID
lowest dose to maintain control should be used

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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130
Q

antitussives

A

opioid and nonopioid
suppress cough reflex
enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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131
Q

antitussives

action

A

suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS
reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa

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132
Q

antitussives

indication

A

inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful

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133
Q

antitussives

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

opioid dependence

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134
Q

antitussives

adverse effects

A 
sedation
nausea
vomiting
lightheadedness 
constipation 
dizziness 
drowsiness 
dry mouth
How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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135
Q

expectorants

A

aid in expectoration or excessive mucous
breaks down and thins secretions
single or combination therapy

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2
3
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5
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136
Q

expectorants

action

A

reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out

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3
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137
Q

expectorants

indications

A

relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles

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138
Q

expectorants

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

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139
Q

expectorants

adverse effects

A

nausea
vomiting
gastric irritation

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140
Q

body acids two forms

A

volatile

nonvolatile

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141
Q

volatile

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water

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142
Q

nonvolatile

A

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)

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5
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143
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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145
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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147
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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151
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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152
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

corticosteroids

adverse effects

A 
pharyngeal irritation
coughing 
dry mouth 
oral fungal infections 
adrenocortical insufficiency 
increased susceptibility to infection 
fluid and electrolyte disturbances 
endocrine effects  
dermatological and connective tissue effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

fluticasone propionate (Flovent)

A

oral or intranasal administration
usually administered BID
lowest dose to maintain control should be used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

antitussives

A

opioid and nonopioid
suppress cough reflex
enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress

156
Q

antitussives

action

A

suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS
reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa

157
Q

antitussives

indication

A

inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful

158
Q

antitussives

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

opioid dependence

159
Q

antitussives

adverse effects

A 
sedation
nausea
vomiting
lightheadedness 
constipation 
dizziness 
drowsiness 
dry mouth
160
Q

expectorants

A

aid in expectoration or excessive mucous
breaks down and thins secretions
single or combination therapy

161
Q

expectorants

action

A

reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out

162
Q

expectorants

indications

A

relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles

163
Q

expectorants

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

164
Q

expectorants

adverse effects

A

nausea
vomiting
gastric irritation

165
Q

body acids two forms

A

volatile

nonvolatile

166
Q

volatile

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water

167
Q

nonvolatile

A

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)

168
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

169
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

170
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

171
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

172
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
173
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
174
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

175
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

176
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

177
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

178
Q

corticosteroids

adverse effects

A 
pharyngeal irritation
coughing 
dry mouth 
oral fungal infections 
adrenocortical insufficiency 
increased susceptibility to infection 
fluid and electrolyte disturbances 
endocrine effects  
dermatological and connective tissue effects
179
Q

fluticasone propionate (Flovent)

A

oral or intranasal administration
usually administered BID
lowest dose to maintain control should be used

180
Q

antitussives

A

opioid and nonopioid
suppress cough reflex
enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress

181
Q

antitussives

action

A

suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS
reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa

182
Q

antitussives

indication

A

inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful

183
Q

antitussives

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

opioid dependence

184
Q

antitussives

adverse effects

A 
sedation
nausea
vomiting
lightheadedness 
constipation 
dizziness 
drowsiness 
dry mouth
185
Q

expectorants

A

aid in expectoration or excessive mucous
breaks down and thins secretions
single or combination therapy

186
Q

expectorants

action

A

reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out

187
Q

expectorants

indications

A

relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles

188
Q

expectorants

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

189
Q

expectorants

adverse effects

A

nausea
vomiting
gastric irritation

190
Q

body acids two forms

A

volatile

nonvolatile

191
Q

volatile

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water

192
Q

nonvolatile

A

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)

193
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

194
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

195
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

196
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

197
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
198
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
199
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

200
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

201
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

202
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

203
Q

corticosteroids

adverse effects

A 
pharyngeal irritation
coughing 
dry mouth 
oral fungal infections 
adrenocortical insufficiency 
increased susceptibility to infection 
fluid and electrolyte disturbances 
endocrine effects  
dermatological and connective tissue effects
204
Q

fluticasone propionate (Flovent)

A

oral or intranasal administration
usually administered BID
lowest dose to maintain control should be used

205
Q

antitussives

A

opioid and nonopioid
suppress cough reflex
enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress

206
Q

antitussives

action

A

suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS
reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa

207
Q

antitussives

indication

A

inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful

208
Q

antitussives

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

opioid dependence

209
Q

antitussives

adverse effects

A 
sedation
nausea
vomiting
lightheadedness 
constipation 
dizziness 
drowsiness 
dry mouth
210
Q

expectorants

A

aid in expectoration or excessive mucous
breaks down and thins secretions
single or combination therapy

211
Q

expectorants

action

A

reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out

212
Q

expectorants

indications

A

relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles

213
Q

expectorants

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

214
Q

expectorants

adverse effects

A

nausea
vomiting
gastric irritation

215
Q

body acids two forms

A

volatile

nonvolatile

216
Q

volatile

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water

217
Q

nonvolatile

A

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)

218
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

219
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

220
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

221
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

222
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
223
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
224
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

225
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

226
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

227
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

228
Q

corticosteroids

adverse effects

A 
pharyngeal irritation
coughing 
dry mouth 
oral fungal infections 
adrenocortical insufficiency 
increased susceptibility to infection 
fluid and electrolyte disturbances 
endocrine effects  
dermatological and connective tissue effects
229
Q

fluticasone propionate (Flovent)

A

oral or intranasal administration
usually administered BID
lowest dose to maintain control should be used

230
Q

antitussives

A

opioid and nonopioid
suppress cough reflex
enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress

231
Q

antitussives

action

A

suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS
reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa

232
Q

antitussives

indication

A

inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful

233
Q

antitussives

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

opioid dependence

234
Q

antitussives

adverse effects

A 
sedation
nausea
vomiting
lightheadedness 
constipation 
dizziness 
drowsiness 
dry mouth
235
Q

expectorants

A

aid in expectoration or excessive mucous
breaks down and thins secretions
single or combination therapy

236
Q

expectorants

action

A

reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out

237
Q

expectorants

indications

A

relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles

238
Q

expectorants

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

239
Q

expectorants

adverse effects

A

nausea
vomiting
gastric irritation

240
Q

body acids two forms

A

volatile

nonvolatile

241
Q

volatile

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water

242
Q

nonvolatile

A

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)

243
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

244
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

245
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

246
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

247
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
248
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
249
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

250
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

251
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

252
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

253
Q

corticosteroids

adverse effects

A 
pharyngeal irritation
coughing 
dry mouth 
oral fungal infections 
adrenocortical insufficiency 
increased susceptibility to infection 
fluid and electrolyte disturbances 
endocrine effects  
dermatological and connective tissue effects
254
Q

fluticasone propionate (Flovent)

A

oral or intranasal administration
usually administered BID
lowest dose to maintain control should be used

255
Q

antitussives

A

opioid and nonopioid
suppress cough reflex
enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress

256
Q

antitussives

action

A

suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS
reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa

257
Q

antitussives

indication

A

inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful

258
Q

antitussives

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

opioid dependence

259
Q

antitussives

adverse effects

A 
sedation
nausea
vomiting
lightheadedness 
constipation 
dizziness 
drowsiness 
dry mouth
260
Q

expectorants

A

aid in expectoration or excessive mucous
breaks down and thins secretions
single or combination therapy

261
Q

expectorants

action

A

reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out

262
Q

expectorants

indications

A

relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles

263
Q

expectorants

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

264
Q

expectorants

adverse effects

A

nausea
vomiting
gastric irritation

265
Q

body acids two forms

A

volatile

nonvolatile

266
Q

volatile

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water

267
Q

nonvolatile

A

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)

268
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

elevation of PaCO2 as a result of ventilation depression

pH low and PCO2 high

269
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

depression of PaCO2 as a result alveolar hyperventilation

pH high and PCO2 low

270
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

depression of HCO3 or and increase in noncarbonic acids

pH low and HCO3 low

271
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

elevation of HCO3 usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids
pH high HCO3 high

272
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

273
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

274
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

275
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

276
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
277
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
278
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

279
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

280
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

281
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

282
Q

corticosteroids

adverse effects

A 
pharyngeal irritation
coughing 
dry mouth 
oral fungal infections 
adrenocortical insufficiency 
increased susceptibility to infection 
fluid and electrolyte disturbances 
endocrine effects  
dermatological and connective tissue effects
283
Q

fluticasone propionate (Flovent)

A

oral or intranasal administration
usually administered BID
lowest dose to maintain control should be used

284
Q

antitussives

A

opioid and nonopioid
suppress cough reflex
enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress

285
Q

antitussives

action

A

suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS
reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa

286
Q

antitussives

indication

A

inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful

287
Q

antitussives

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

opioid dependence

288
Q

antitussives

adverse effects

A 
sedation
nausea
vomiting
lightheadedness 
constipation 
dizziness 
drowsiness 
dry mouth
289
Q

expectorants

A

aid in expectoration or excessive mucous
breaks down and thins secretions
single or combination therapy

290
Q

expectorants

action

A

reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out

291
Q

expectorants

indications

A

relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles

292
Q

expectorants

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

293
Q

expectorants

adverse effects

A

nausea
vomiting
gastric irritation

294
Q

body acids two forms

A

volatile

nonvolatile

295
Q

volatile

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water

296
Q

nonvolatile

A

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)

297
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

elevation of PaCO2 as a result of ventilation depression

pH low and PCO2 high

298
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

depression of PaCO2 as a result alveolar hyperventilation

pH high and PCO2 low

299
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

depression of HCO3 or and increase in noncarbonic acids

pH low and HCO3 low

300
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

elevation of HCO3 usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids
pH high HCO3 high

301
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

302
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

303
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

304
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

305
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
306
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
307
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

308
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

309
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

310
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

311
Q

corticosteroids

adverse effects

A 
pharyngeal irritation
coughing 
dry mouth 
oral fungal infections 
adrenocortical insufficiency 
increased susceptibility to infection 
fluid and electrolyte disturbances 
endocrine effects  
dermatological and connective tissue effects
312
Q

fluticasone propionate (Flovent)

A

oral or intranasal administration
usually administered BID
lowest dose to maintain control should be used

313
Q

antitussives

A

opioid and nonopioid
suppress cough reflex
enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress

314
Q

antitussives

action

A

suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS
reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa

315
Q

antitussives

indication

A

inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful

316
Q

antitussives

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

opioid dependence

317
Q

antitussives

adverse effects

A 
sedation
nausea
vomiting
lightheadedness 
constipation 
dizziness 
drowsiness 
dry mouth
318
Q

expectorants

A

aid in expectoration or excessive mucous
breaks down and thins secretions
single or combination therapy

319
Q

expectorants

action

A

reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out

320
Q

expectorants

indications

A

relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles

321
Q

expectorants

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

322
Q

expectorants

adverse effects

A

nausea
vomiting
gastric irritation

323
Q

body acids two forms

A

volatile

nonvolatile

324
Q

volatile

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water

325
Q

nonvolatile

A

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)

326
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

elevation of PaCO2 as a result of ventilation depression

pH low and PCO2 high

327
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

depression of PaCO2 as a result alveolar hyperventilation

pH high and PCO2 low

328
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

depression of HCO3 or and increase in noncarbonic acids

pH low and HCO3 low

329
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

elevation of HCO3 usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids
pH high HCO3 high

330
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

331
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

332
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

333
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

334
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
335
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
336
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

337
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

338
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

339
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

340
Q

corticosteroids

adverse effects

A 
pharyngeal irritation
coughing 
dry mouth 
oral fungal infections 
adrenocortical insufficiency 
increased susceptibility to infection 
fluid and electrolyte disturbances 
endocrine effects  
dermatological and connective tissue effects
341
Q

fluticasone propionate (Flovent)

A

oral or intranasal administration
usually administered BID
lowest dose to maintain control should be used

342
Q

antitussives

A

opioid and nonopioid
suppress cough reflex
enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress

343
Q

antitussives

action

A

suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS
reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa

344
Q

antitussives

indication

A

inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful

345
Q

antitussives

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

opioid dependence

346
Q

antitussives

adverse effects

A 
sedation
nausea
vomiting
lightheadedness 
constipation 
dizziness 
drowsiness 
dry mouth
347
Q

expectorants

A

aid in expectoration or excessive mucous
breaks down and thins secretions
single or combination therapy

348
Q

expectorants

action

A

reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out

349
Q

expectorants

indications

A

relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles

350
Q

expectorants

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

351
Q

expectorants

adverse effects

A

nausea
vomiting
gastric irritation

352
Q

body acids two forms

A

volatile

nonvolatile

353
Q

volatile

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water

354
Q

nonvolatile

A

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)

355
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

elevation of PaCO2 as a result of ventilation depression

pH low and PCO2 high

356
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

depression of PaCO2 as a result alveolar hyperventilation

pH high and PCO2 low

357
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

depression of HCO3 or and increase in noncarbonic acids

pH low and HCO3 low

358
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

elevation of HCO3 usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids
pH high HCO3 high

359
Q

ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

A

available as liquid aerosol and inhaler

prescribed BID

360
Q

Xanthine derivatives

A

common: theophylline and aminophylline
contains caffeine
beta adrenergics are safer

361
Q

Xanthine derivatives

action

A

causes bronchodilation by increasing levels of cAMP; stimulates CNS which enhances respiratory drive

362
Q

Xanthine derivatives

indications

A

used in asthma and COPD

used for heart stimulus in infants with bradycardia

363
Q

Xanthine derivatives

contraindications

A 
known drug allergy
uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia 
seizure disorders 
hyperthyroidism 
peptic ulcers
364
Q

Xanthine derivatives

adverse effects

A 
nausea 
vomiting
anorexia 
gastroesophageal reflux 
tachycardia 
extrasystole 
palpitations 
ventricular dysrhythmias
365
Q

anti-inflammatories: corticosteroids

A

anti-inflammatory properties

administered by inhalation, oral or IV routes

366
Q

corticosteroids

action

A

reduces inflammation and enhances activity of B-agonists

367
Q

corticosteroids

indication

A

bronchospastic disorders
persistent asthma
COPD

368
Q

corticosteroids

contraindications

A

drug allergy
hypersensitivity to glucocorticoids
candida albicans
systemic fungal infection

369
Q

corticosteroids

adverse effects

A 
pharyngeal irritation
coughing 
dry mouth 
oral fungal infections 
adrenocortical insufficiency 
increased susceptibility to infection 
fluid and electrolyte disturbances 
endocrine effects  
dermatological and connective tissue effects
370
Q

fluticasone propionate (Flovent)

A

oral or intranasal administration
usually administered BID
lowest dose to maintain control should be used

371
Q

antitussives

A

opioid and nonopioid
suppress cough reflex
enhance comfort and reduce respiratory distress

372
Q

antitussives

action

A

suppress cough reflex through direct action on the cough center in the CNS
reduce symptoms of runny nose and postnasal drip by drying mucosa

373
Q

antitussives

indication

A

inhibit cough when it is nonproductive or harmful

374
Q

antitussives

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

opioid dependence

375
Q

antitussives

adverse effects

A 
sedation
nausea
vomiting
lightheadedness 
constipation 
dizziness 
drowsiness 
dry mouth
376
Q

expectorants

A

aid in expectoration or excessive mucous
breaks down and thins secretions
single or combination therapy

377
Q

expectorants

action

A

reduce thickness of bronchial secretions, increasing mucous flow so it can be coughed out

378
Q

expectorants

indications

A

relief of productive cough in patient with common cold, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, pertussis, influenza, and measles

379
Q

expectorants

contraindications

A

known drug allergy

380
Q

expectorants

adverse effects

A

nausea
vomiting
gastric irritation

381
Q

body acids two forms

A

volatile

nonvolatile

382
Q

volatile

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) can be eliminated as CO2 gas and water

383
Q

nonvolatile

A

sulfuric, phosphoric, and other organic acids

eliminated by renal tubules with the regulation of biocarbonate (HCO3)

384
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

elevation of PaCO2 as a result of ventilation depression

pH low and PCO2 high

385
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

depression of PaCO2 as a result alveolar hyperventilation

pH high and PCO2 low

386
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

depression of HCO3 or and increase in noncarbonic acids

pH low and HCO3 low

387
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

elevation of HCO3 usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids
pH high HCO3 high

N116 (11 decks)

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