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Endocrine System BDS1 > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

what are the physical stressors?

A

injury, surgery, infection, shock, pain, exposure to cold, sustained exercise

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2
Q

what are the threat stressors?

A

imprisonment, torture, exams

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3
Q

what does stress involve?

A

complex interactions of several body systems

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4
Q

what systems are involved in stress?

A

nervous, endocrine, immune

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5
Q

what do the effects of stress depend on

A

duration and severity of the stressor, the effectiveness of any responses

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6
Q

what are the stages of stress?

A

alarm reaction, resistance phase, exhaustion phase

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7
Q

what is the alarm reaction to stress?

A

fight, flight, fright response, physiological effects

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8
Q

what is the resistance phase of stress?

A

adapting to stressor

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9
Q

what is the exhaustion phase of stress?

A

sever, persistent stress, responses futile, systems fail, pathological effects

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10
Q

what is the neural component of the alarm reaction?

A

sympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

what is the hormonal component of the alarm reaction?

A

adrenal glands: adrenaline (adrenal medulla), corticosteroids (adrenal cortex)

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12
Q

what is the neural component of the alarm reaction responsible for?

A

increased cardiac output, redistribution of cardiac output, metabolism, stimulation of adrenaline release

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13
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system increase cardiac output?

A

increase heart rate and increased ventricular contractility

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14
Q

how does the sympathetic nervous system redistribute cardiac ouput?

A

increased flow to muscle, decreased flow to gut and kidney

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15
Q

what is the metabolic role of the sympathetic nervous system in the alarm reaction

A

glycogen breakdown -> glucose release, mobilisation of fat stores (release of free fatty acids)

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16
Q

where is adrenaline secreted from?

A

adrenal medulla

17
Q

what does adrenaline do?

A

release augments and prolong the action of the sympathetic nerves

18
Q

what are glucocorticoids secreted by?

A

adrenal cortex

19
Q

what is the main stress hormone

A

cortisol

20
Q

what do the actions of glucocorticoids do?

A

complement the actions of the sympathetic NS and adrenaline

21
Q

what are the main actions of cortisol?

A

metabolism, enhances the actions of adrenaline, anti-inflammatory actions, immunosuppression

22
Q

what are the metabolic actions of cortisol?

A

increased energy production from glucose, amino acids and fats, increased protein breakdown

23
Q

what is it called when cortisol enhances the actions of adrenaline?

A

a permissive effect

24
Q

what action do glucocorticoids have?

A

anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant

25
Q

what do glucocorticoids inhibit?

A

release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, macrophages and helper T cells

26
Q

what do the drugs taken in corticosteroid therapy do?

A

supress CRH and ACTH release making the natural stress response suppressed

27
Q

what is the control of cortisol release by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

stressor - hypothalamus - CRH acts on anterior pituitary - ACTH acts on adrenal cortex - cortisol release - actions/inhibit hypothalamus and AP

28
Q

what is stress analgesia?

A

pain being diminished during physical stress

29
Q

what is stress analgesia due to?

A

release of endogenous opioid peptides, endorphins, enkephalins in the CNS

30
Q

what do endogenous opioid peptides, endorphins and enkephalins do?

A

suppress nociception and pain

31
Q

what can stress a dental patient?

A

severity of treatment, pain, phobia, local anaesthesia, noise, masks and gowns

32
Q

what is the range of change in systolic BP when stressed?

A

+5-20mmHg

33
Q

what is the range of change in diastolic BP when stressed?

A

+4-8mmHg

34
Q

what is the range of change in heart rate when stressed?

A

up to +20

35
Q

when are the effects of stress greater in dentists?

A

when standing, with complex/difficult procedures, with anxious patients, when supervising a students first extraction

36
Q

when does the adaption phase happen?

A

when the individual has adapted, the stressor is no longer a threat, the individual has become resistant to the stressor, when the individuals responses are effective in removing the stressor

37
Q

what is the effects if the individual fails to adapt to stress?

A

adrenal failure, immunosuppression, peptic ulcers, CVS disease

38
Q

what are type A individuals?

A

hard-driving, competitive individuals who are more prone to high blood pressure and CHD

39
Q

what are type B individuals?

A

more relaxed and less impatient

Endocrine System BDS1 (7 decks)

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