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Endocrine System BDS1 > Introduction to Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

Introduction to Endocrine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what is endocrine transmission?

A

chemical secreted in low concentrations by a cell or group of cells sent to all parts of the body via the bloodstream

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2
Q

what needs to be present for a hormone to act on a cell?

A

the correct membrane receptor protein

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3
Q

describe humoral communication

A

many cells in different parts of body, coordinated body-wide actions, slow to act but effect persists

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4
Q

what are the different endocrine glands?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, endocrine cells in GI tracts, ovaries and testes, placenta, pineal gland and thymus

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5
Q

what are the two types of hormones?

A

steroids and non-steroids

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6
Q

what are the non-steroid hormones?

A

amino acid derivatives, peptides, glycoproteins

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7
Q

what are steroid hormones based on?

A

cholesterol ring structure

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8
Q

what are the different types of steroid hormones?

A

cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone

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9
Q

what are the two classes of amino acid derivatives?

A

amines and iodinated amino acids

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10
Q

what are the different amines?

A

adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), melatonin

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11
Q

what are the different iodinated amino acids?

A

tri-iodo-thyronine (thyroxine) and tetra-iodo-thyronine

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12
Q

name some different peptides

A

short chain, long chain, growth hormone, prolactin, parathyroid, calcitonin, adrenocorticotropic, insulin, glucagon, G.I tract hormones (secretin, CCK, gastrin)

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13
Q

what are pro-hormones

A

they are an inactive, precursor form of a peptide hormone

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14
Q

what produces the pro-hormone in the endoplasmic reticulum

A

pre-pro-hormone

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15
Q

where is the pro-hormone packaged and what does it turn into?

A

it is packaged in the golgi apparatus and is converted into the active hormone

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16
Q

what happens once an active hormone is produced in the golgi apparatus?

A

it is secreted

17
Q

what do glycoproteins possess?

A

carbohydrate groups attached to the amino acids

18
Q

name the different glycoproteins

A

follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, chorionic gonadotrophin

19
Q

what are the local tissue hormones

A

prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

20
Q

what are the functions of local tissue hormones?

A

regulation of blood flow, homeostasis, mucosal protection, inflammation

21
Q

name 2 common second messengers

A

cyclic AMP and calcium ions

22
Q

how do steroid hormones reach intra-cellular receptors?

A

they pass through the outer cell membrane

23
Q

summarise the actions of hormones

A

synthesis/storage, release in response to stimulus, transport in blood, action on target cells (role of 2nd messengers), metabolism/excretion

24
Q

what type of hormones use second messengers?

A

non-steroid hormones

25
Q

what are most hormone systems regulated by?

A

negative feedback

26
Q

what is hypersecretion?

A

excess secretion

27
Q

what is hyposecretion?

A

decreased secretion

28
Q

what is the sensitivity of the target cells related to?

A

the number of membrane receptors

29
Q

what happens to sensitivity and receptor regulation if there are more receptors?

A

increased sensitivity and increased regulation

30
Q

what happens to sensitivity and receptor regulation if there are less receptors?

A

decreased sensitivity and decreased regulation

31
Q

what is hyperfunction?

A

excess production and secretion and increased regulation of receptors

32
Q

what is hypofunction?

A

decreased production and secretion, decreased regulation of receptors and receptors non-functioning

Endocrine System BDS1 (7 decks)

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