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Endocrine System BDS1 > Endocrine Glands and Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two endocrine glands?

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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2
Q

where is the pituitary gland in relation to the hypothalamus

A

more inferior

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3
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

thermoregulation, hormone secretion, circadian rhythms, motivation and emotions

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4
Q

what hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

primary and trophic

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5
Q

what types of motivation does the hypothalamus control?

A

thirst, feeding and sexual behaviour

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6
Q

describe the action of thermoregulation when core body temperature drops

A

thermoreceptors in hypothalamus activate - compare with set point - effectors decrease heat loss and increase heat production to result in raised temperature

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7
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate circadian rhythms?

A

it responds to day/night cycles

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8
Q

what produces releasing hormones?

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

how do releasing hormones pass to the anterior pituitary gland from the hypothalamus?

A

via hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels

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10
Q

what do releasing hormones trigger?

A

secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary

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11
Q

how do hormones pass from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

along nerve axons

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12
Q

once hormones from the hypothalamus get to the posterior pituitary where do they go from there?

A

they are released into circulation

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13
Q

name the hypothalamic hormones

A

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GRH), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin (SS), prolactin releasing hormone (PLRH), dopamine (DA)

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14
Q

name the anterior pituitary hormones

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PL)

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15
Q

what is the general regulation by feedback pathway?

A

stimulus - hypothalamus - hormone 1 acts on anterior pituitary gland - hormone 2 acts on target organ - hormone 3 produces an action and also doubles back and inhibits hypothalamus

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16
Q

what is the regulation feedback pathway of corticotrophins?

A

stressors - hypothalamus detection - corticotropin RH acts on anterior pituitary gland - ACTH acts on adrenal cortex - cortisol gives an action and inhibits hypothalamus

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17
Q

what is the regulation pathway of gonadotrophins?

A

stimulus - hypothalamus - gonadotrophin RH acts on anterior pituitary gland - follicle stimulating hormone act on ovaries and testes to produce sperm and ovum maturation whilst the luteinising hormone controls testosterone production and ovulation production of oestrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

what is the regulating feedback pathway of thyrotrophins

A

stimulus - hypothalamus - thyrotropin RH acts on anterior pituitary gland - thyroid stimulating hormone acts on thyroid gland and thyroid hormones produce actions

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19
Q

what is the regulation feedback pathway of somatotrophins?

A

stimulus - hypothalamus - growth RH and growth IH act on anterior pituitary gland - growth hormone produces actions

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20
Q

what is the regulating feedback pathway of prolactin?

A

stimulus - hypothalamus - prolactin RH and prolactin IH act on anterior pituitary gland - prolactin results in breast development and milk production

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21
Q

what are the posterior pituitary hormones?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin

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22
Q

where are the posterior pituitary hormones produced?

A

by neurons in the hypothalamus and pass along the axons to the posterior part of the pituitary

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23
Q

what is the supraoptic nucleus part os?

A

oxytocin

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24
Q

what is the paraventricular nucleus part of?

A

ADH

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25
Q

what is the regulating feedback pathway of antidiuretic hormone

A

stimulus - hypothalamus - ADH acts on posterior pituitary gland - ADH in plasma acts on kidney - water reabsorption in collecting ducts

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26
Q

what is the regulating feedback pathway of the oxytocin?

A

stretch of uterus/infant suckling acts on hypothalamus - oxytocin acts on posterior pituitary gland - oxytocin in plasma causes contraction of uterus/milk ejection

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27
Q

what are the other endocrine glands apart from the pituitary and hypothalamus

A

thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas (islets of langerhans), adrenal glands, gonads (ovaries and testes), placenta

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28
Q

what are the gonads?

A

ovaries and testes

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29
Q

where is the thyroid gland?

A

situated in neck, anterior to trachea

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30
Q

what are the hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

A

thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, calcitonin (regulates calcium levels)

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31
Q

what is calcitonin produced by?

A

para-follicular C cells

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32
Q

out of T3 and T4 which is more potent?

A

T3

33
Q

what is the relation of T3 and T4?

A

T4 is a precursor for T3

34
Q

what are the actions of the thyroid hormones?

A

increase metabolic rate of all cells, determines basal metabolic rate, essential for normal fetal and childhood growth, permissive effect on action of adrenaline by upregulating adrenoreceptors

35
Q

what are the two main classes of thyroid hormone diseases?

A

undersecretion and oversecretion

36
Q

what are the thyroid hormone undersecretion diseases?

A

hypothyroidism, cretinism and myxoedema

37
Q

what are the thyroid hormone oversecretion diseases?

A

hyperthyroidism, grave’s disease

38
Q

what is thyroid swelling associated with?

A

iodine deficiency

39
Q

what do low levels of thyroxine result in?

A

increased secretion of TSH

40
Q

where do the parathyroid glands lie?

A

on the deep surface of the thyroid gland

41
Q

what do parathyroid glands produce?

A

parathyroid hormone

42
Q

what is parathyroid hormone involved in?

A

regulation of blood calcium levels

43
Q

what do the islets of langerhans produce?

A

insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

44
Q

what is insulin released in response to?

A

raised blood glucose

45
Q

what nerve controls insulin release?

A

vagus nerve

46
Q

what does insulin do?

A

lower blood glucose

47
Q

what does insulin facilitate?

A

glucose entry into muscle cells, adipocytes

48
Q

what does glucose promote the formation of?

A

glycogen, triglycerides, facilitates protein synthesis

49
Q

what promotes insulin secretion?

A

increased blood glucose, increased blood amino acids, glucose-dependent, insulinotropic peptide, vagus nerve activity

50
Q

what inhibits insulin secretion?

A

adrenaline, sympathetic nerves, somatostatin

51
Q

what is glucagon released in response to?

A

low blood glucose concentration

52
Q

what does glucagon go

A

raise blood glucose

53
Q

what are the actions of glucagon?

A

glycogenolysis in liver, gluconeogenesis in liver, lipolysis and ketone synthesis

54
Q

what promotes glucagon secretion?

A

decreased glucose, increased blood amino acids, cholecystokinin, autonomic nerve activity

55
Q

what inhibits glucagon secretion?

A

insulin, somatostatin

56
Q

what is diabetes mellitus?

A

elevated blood glucose concentration, decreased glucose uptake by cells

57
Q

what are the metabolic changes in diabetes mellitus?

A

gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

58
Q

what are the clinical features of diabetes mellitus?

A

polyuria (increased urine production), polydipsia (increased thirst), glycosuria (glucose in urine), diabetic neuropathy, skin and oral disease including perio and xerostomia

59
Q

describe type 1 diabetes

A

insulin-dependent, decreased insulin secretion, destruction of beta cells, autoimmune, early onset, insulin injections and diet control needed

60
Q

describe type 2 diabetes

A

insulin-independent, insulin levels normal, decreased target cell responsiveness to insulin, related to overweight, late onset, diet, oral hypoglycaemic agents

61
Q

where are the adrenal glands?

A

lie on top of kidneys

62
Q

what type of hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?

A

cortex hormones

63
Q

what are the cortex hormones secreted by the adrenal glands?

A

aldosterone, cortisol and androgens

64
Q

what type of hormone is cortisol?

A

glucocorticoid hormone

65
Q

what is the cortisol hormone produced by?

A

cells of zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex

66
Q

what is the secretion of cortisol controlled by?

A

ACTH from AP

67
Q

what are the actions of cortisol?

A

metabolic effects, permissive effects, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant

68
Q

what type of corticosteroid is aldosterone?

A

mineralcorticoid

69
Q

what is aldosterone produced by?

A

cells of zona glomerulosa

70
Q

what is the release of aldosterone controlled by?

A

renin-angiotensin system

71
Q

what are the actions of aldosteron?

A

promote reabsorption of sodium and water in kidney, increases excretion of hydrogen and potassium

72
Q

what are androgens?

A

gonadocorticoids from zona fasciculata and reticularis of adrenal cortex

73
Q

what is the syndrome called when there are excess of glucocorticoids?

A

chushing’s syndrome

74
Q

what is the syndrome called when there are excess of androgens?

A

adreno-genital syndrome

75
Q

what type of ganglion is the adrenal medulla?

A

modified sympathetic ganglion

76
Q

what is the adrenal medulla controlled by?

A

pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves

77
Q

what do the cells of the adrenal medulla produce?

A

sympathetic nerves

78
Q

what is the disease of adrenal insufficiency?

A

addison’s disease

79
Q

what is adrenal insufficiency?

A

decreased adrenal function and reduced levels of adrenal hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids)

Endocrine System BDS1 (7 decks)

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