Endocrine Glands and Hormones

Question 1

what are the two endocrine glands?

Answer 1

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Question 2

where is the pituitary gland in relation to the hypothalamus

Answer 2

more inferior

Question 3

what are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 3

thermoregulation, hormone secretion, circadian rhythms, motivation and emotions

Question 4

what hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 4

primary and trophic

Question 5

what types of motivation does the hypothalamus control?

Answer 5

thirst, feeding and sexual behaviour

Question 6

describe the action of thermoregulation when core body temperature drops

Answer 6

thermoreceptors in hypothalamus activate - compare with set point - effectors decrease heat loss and increase heat production to result in raised temperature

Question 7

how does the hypothalamus regulate circadian rhythms?

Answer 7

it responds to day/night cycles

Question 8

what produces releasing hormones?

Answer 8

hypothalamus

Question 9

how do releasing hormones pass to the anterior pituitary gland from the hypothalamus?

Answer 9

via hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels

Question 10

what do releasing hormones trigger?

Answer 10

secretion of hormones from anterior pituitary

Question 11

how do hormones pass from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

Answer 11

along nerve axons

Question 12

once hormones from the hypothalamus get to the posterior pituitary where do they go from there?

Answer 12

they are released into circulation

Question 13

name the hypothalamic hormones

Answer 13

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GRH), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin (SS), prolactin releasing hormone (PLRH), dopamine (DA)

Question 14

name the anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 14

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PL)

Question 15

what is the general regulation by feedback pathway?

Answer 15

stimulus - hypothalamus - hormone 1 acts on anterior pituitary gland - hormone 2 acts on target organ - hormone 3 produces an action and also doubles back and inhibits hypothalamus

Question 16

what is the regulation feedback pathway of corticotrophins?

Answer 16

stressors - hypothalamus detection - corticotropin RH acts on anterior pituitary gland - ACTH acts on adrenal cortex - cortisol gives an action and inhibits hypothalamus

Question 17

what is the regulation pathway of gonadotrophins?

Answer 17

stimulus - hypothalamus - gonadotrophin RH acts on anterior pituitary gland - follicle stimulating hormone act on ovaries and testes to produce sperm and ovum maturation whilst the luteinising hormone controls testosterone production and ovulation production of oestrogen and progesterone

Question 18

what is the regulating feedback pathway of thyrotrophins

Answer 18

stimulus - hypothalamus - thyrotropin RH acts on anterior pituitary gland - thyroid stimulating hormone acts on thyroid gland and thyroid hormones produce actions

Question 19

what is the regulation feedback pathway of somatotrophins?

Answer 19

stimulus - hypothalamus - growth RH and growth IH act on anterior pituitary gland - growth hormone produces actions

Question 20

what is the regulating feedback pathway of prolactin?

Answer 20

stimulus - hypothalamus - prolactin RH and prolactin IH act on anterior pituitary gland - prolactin results in breast development and milk production

Question 21

what are the posterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 21

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin

Question 22

where are the posterior pituitary hormones produced?

Answer 22

by neurons in the hypothalamus and pass along the axons to the posterior part of the pituitary

Question 23

what is the supraoptic nucleus part os?

Answer 23

oxytocin

Question 24

what is the paraventricular nucleus part of?

Answer 24

ADH

Question 25

what is the regulating feedback pathway of antidiuretic hormone

Answer 25

stimulus - hypothalamus - ADH acts on posterior pituitary gland - ADH in plasma acts on kidney - water reabsorption in collecting ducts

Question 26

what is the regulating feedback pathway of the oxytocin?

Answer 26

stretch of uterus/infant suckling acts on hypothalamus - oxytocin acts on posterior pituitary gland - oxytocin in plasma causes contraction of uterus/milk ejection

Question 27

what are the other endocrine glands apart from the pituitary and hypothalamus

Answer 27

thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas (islets of langerhans), adrenal glands, gonads (ovaries and testes), placenta

Question 28

what are the gonads?

Answer 28

ovaries and testes

Question 29

where is the thyroid gland?

Answer 29

situated in neck, anterior to trachea

Question 30

what are the hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

Answer 30

thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, calcitonin (regulates calcium levels)

Question 31

what is calcitonin produced by?

Answer 31

para-follicular C cells

Question 32

out of T3 and T4 which is more potent?

Answer 32

T3

Question 33

what is the relation of T3 and T4?

Answer 33

T4 is a precursor for T3

Question 34

what are the actions of the thyroid hormones?

Answer 34

increase metabolic rate of all cells, determines basal metabolic rate, essential for normal fetal and childhood growth, permissive effect on action of adrenaline by upregulating adrenoreceptors

Question 35

what are the two main classes of thyroid hormone diseases?

Answer 35

undersecretion and oversecretion

Question 36

what are the thyroid hormone undersecretion diseases?

Answer 36

hypothyroidism, cretinism and myxoedema

Question 37

what are the thyroid hormone oversecretion diseases?

Answer 37

hyperthyroidism, grave's disease

Question 38

what is thyroid swelling associated with?

Answer 38

iodine deficiency

Question 39

what do low levels of thyroxine result in?

Answer 39

increased secretion of TSH

Question 40

where do the parathyroid glands lie?

Answer 40

on the deep surface of the thyroid gland

Question 41

what do parathyroid glands produce?

Answer 41

parathyroid hormone

Question 42

what is parathyroid hormone involved in?

Answer 42

regulation of blood calcium levels

Question 43

what do the islets of langerhans produce?

Answer 43

insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

Question 44

what is insulin released in response to?

Answer 44

raised blood glucose

Question 45

what nerve controls insulin release?

Answer 45

vagus nerve

Question 46

what does insulin do?

Answer 46

lower blood glucose

Question 47

what does insulin facilitate?

Answer 47

glucose entry into muscle cells, adipocytes

Question 48

what does glucose promote the formation of?

Answer 48

glycogen, triglycerides, facilitates protein synthesis

Question 49

what promotes insulin secretion?

Answer 49

increased blood glucose, increased blood amino acids, glucose-dependent, insulinotropic peptide, vagus nerve activity

Question 50

what inhibits insulin secretion?

Answer 50

adrenaline, sympathetic nerves, somatostatin

Question 51

what is glucagon released in response to?

Answer 51

low blood glucose concentration

Question 52

what does glucagon go

Answer 52

raise blood glucose

Question 53

what are the actions of glucagon?

Answer 53

glycogenolysis in liver, gluconeogenesis in liver, lipolysis and ketone synthesis

Question 54

what promotes glucagon secretion?

Answer 54

decreased glucose, increased blood amino acids, cholecystokinin, autonomic nerve activity

Question 55

what inhibits glucagon secretion?

Answer 55

insulin, somatostatin

Question 56

what is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 56

elevated blood glucose concentration, decreased glucose uptake by cells

Question 57

what are the metabolic changes in diabetes mellitus?

Answer 57

gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

Question 58

what are the clinical features of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 58

polyuria (increased urine production), polydipsia (increased thirst), glycosuria (glucose in urine), diabetic neuropathy, skin and oral disease including perio and xerostomia

Question 59

describe type 1 diabetes

Answer 59

insulin-dependent, decreased insulin secretion, destruction of beta cells, autoimmune, early onset, insulin injections and diet control needed

Question 60

describe type 2 diabetes

Answer 60

insulin-independent, insulin levels normal, decreased target cell responsiveness to insulin, related to overweight, late onset, diet, oral hypoglycaemic agents

Question 61

where are the adrenal glands?

Answer 61

lie on top of kidneys

Question 62

what type of hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?

Answer 62

cortex hormones

Question 63

what are the cortex hormones secreted by the adrenal glands?

Answer 63

aldosterone, cortisol and androgens

Question 64

what type of hormone is cortisol?

Answer 64

glucocorticoid hormone

Question 65

what is the cortisol hormone produced by?

Answer 65

cells of zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex

Question 66

what is the secretion of cortisol controlled by?

Answer 66

ACTH from AP

Question 67

what are the actions of cortisol?

Answer 67

metabolic effects, permissive effects, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant

Question 68

what type of corticosteroid is aldosterone?

Answer 68

mineralcorticoid

Question 69

what is aldosterone produced by?

Answer 69

cells of zona glomerulosa

Question 70

what is the release of aldosterone controlled by?

Answer 70

renin-angiotensin system

Question 71

what are the actions of aldosteron?

Answer 71

promote reabsorption of sodium and water in kidney, increases excretion of hydrogen and potassium

Question 72

what are androgens?

Answer 72

gonadocorticoids from zona fasciculata and reticularis of adrenal cortex

Question 73

what is the syndrome called when there are excess of glucocorticoids?

Answer 73

chushing's syndrome

Question 74

what is the syndrome called when there are excess of androgens?

Answer 74

adreno-genital syndrome

Question 75

what type of ganglion is the adrenal medulla?

Answer 75

modified sympathetic ganglion

Question 76

what is the adrenal medulla controlled by?

Answer 76

pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves

Question 77

what do the cells of the adrenal medulla produce?

Answer 77

sympathetic nerves

Question 78

what is the disease of adrenal insufficiency?

Answer 78

addison's disease

Question 79

what is adrenal insufficiency?

Answer 79

decreased adrenal function and reduced levels of adrenal hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids)