Stress

Question 1

What is rumination?

Answer 1

• overthinking, self-blaming, dwelling on negative experiences- repetitively (more closely linked to depression)
• Mode of responding to emotional distress involving repetitively and passively focusing on:
  Symptoms of distress
  Possible causes and consequences of negative emotional experiences
  Preventing active problem solving to change circumstances surrounding these symptoms

Question 2

How is rumination different from worrying?

Answer 2

different from worry: worry has more of an anxiety component about POSSIBLE consequences (more closely related to anxiety)
- rumination focus on past; worry is future oriented

Question 3

What are the different aspects of rumination?

Answer 3

Brooding: dwelling on past, passive “I have chronic illness due to my past of drinking, It’s all my fault”
Reflective: rumination where one attempts to get more insight about the situation “what happened for this to occur? What could I have done differently?”
Co-Rumination: engaging in repeated discussion of personal problems in dyadic relationship (interpersonal relationship with someone) without coming to a solution- repeatedly, both parties engage in rumination ex: mom went through a divorce and always thinks about how bad the marriage was, and talks constantly/ vents constantly about it- and you decide to also join into the conversation in a ruminative way (both parties vent to each other) could be helpful, but often maladaptive because it may encourage more passive rumination

Question 4

How is rumination related to depression?

Answer 4

rumination is not something psychopathological, it is on a continuous scale- it CAN be a risk factor for depression, but it is not necessary to be diagnosed with depression if one ruminates

Question 5

What are the psychological correlates of rumination?

Answer 5

• negative attributional style (internal, global, stable)
• hopelessness
• pessimism
• self-criticism
• low mastery
• dependency
• sociotropy (someone depends on others for personal satisfaction- well being dependent on others)
• neediness
• neuroticism

Question 6

Which gender ruminates more?

Answer 6

Women ruminate more than men

Question 7

What is the neurological pathology with rumination?

Answer 7

those who ruminate have more active brain activity in resting state compared to controls

Question 8

What are the two different types of stressors?

Answer 8

1) Dependent events: influenced by some people (interpersonal and non- interpersonal) breakup(interpersonal), exam grades (non-interpersonal)
2) Independent events: totally outside control of the individual some chronic illness(non-interpersonal), natural disasters (non-interpersonal), loved one diagnosed with disease (interpersonal)

Question 9

What does the stress generation hypothesis say?

Answer 9

people are ACTIVE in shaping their environment

• Depression contributes to the occurance of stressful life events
• stress depression but also research shows the opposite depression stress

Question 10

What is the stress kindling hypothesis?

Answer 10

Shows that major life stressors have less of an impact on reoccurant episodes of depression than they do for first episode
Based on desensitization model
Don’t need major life events to reoccur in order to trigger a new episode, but smaller stressors may then be the ones that trigger subsequent depressive episodes

Question 11

What are the two different types of resilience?

Answer 11

1) Person centered: people experiencing life adversity without psychopathology
2) dynamic and multidimensional process: Someone may be resilient in some situations, but not others – may be resilient at work but not in an abusive relationship** context dependent and various other factors like support system and traits

Question 12

What are some predictors of reslilience?

Answer 12

• quick recovery from stress
• positive emotions
• flexibility (the ways in which people try to problem solve or cope in a stressful situation)