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ESA 3 - HPHD > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by ‘fight or flight’?

A

The bodys inbuilt response to stressful situations

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the fight or flight response?

A

Prepares the body to respond

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3
Q

Name a study into the fight or flight response?

A

Canon,1932

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4
Q

How does the fight or flight response prepare the body to respond to stressful situations?

A

Short term changes mobilise for activity

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5
Q

What is the fight or flight response triggered by?

A

Mainly catecholamines

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6
Q

What catecholamines trigger the fight or flight response?

A

Adrenaline Noradrenaline

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7
Q

What does adrenaline do in the fight or flight response?

A

Increases heart rate, so increases energy available in muscles

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8
Q

What is the physiological response to stress?

A

Increased oxygen availability Enhanced mental functioning Increased fuel availability Preparation for tissue damage/fatigue Conservation of energy resources Enhanced physical functioning

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9
Q

How is oxygen availability increased in stress?

A

Increased respiratory rate Increased haematocrit

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10
Q

What mental functions are enhanced in stress?

A

Sensory awareness Alertness

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11
Q

How is fuel availability increased in stress?

A

Liberation of glucose Protein breakdown Insulin resistance

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12
Q

Why does insulin resistance increase fuel availability?

A

Because it increases blood sugar, so more fuel available for responses

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13
Q

How is the body prepared for tissue damage/fatigue in stress?

A

Fluid conservation Blood clotting Endogenous analgesia Immune and inflammatory response

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14
Q

How are energy resources conserved in stress?

A

Non-essential systems such as the digestive system and sexual response are reduced

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15
Q

How is physical functioning enhanced in stress?

A

Cardiac output BP Sweating Muscle responsiveness

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16
Q

What effect does stress have on performance?

A

A bit of stress can improve performance to a point, but if too stressed, can be detrimental

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17
Q

Why is too much stress detrimental to performance?

A

It can make a person chaotic and disorganised

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18
Q

What condition can be caused by long term stress?

A

General adaptation syndrome

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19
Q

When was General Adaptation syndrome discovered?

A

In a study by Selye in 1956

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20
Q

What happens in General Adaptation Syndrome?

A

Alarminduces fight or fight Can’t maintain this state Over days/weeks/months of stress, body is still performing at increased homeostatis levels, but body adapts, leading toresistance

Resistancecan’t be maintained, leads toexhaustion

Exhaustionis a state of physiological/psychological exhaustion Can get initial stress symptoms again Chance of physiological damage and death

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21
Q

What is the provlem with the stress response?

A

Stress response is adapted for survival advantage, as hunter-gatherers are more likely to be exposed to acute stressores, however modern life has a change in sorts of stressors

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22
Q

What sorts of stressors are faced in everyday life?

A

Frequent daily hassles and chronic stressors

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23
Q

What is the problem with the type of stressors faced in modern life?

A

The physiological response is ill suited to long term stress

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24
Q

What are the limitations of a purely physiological model of stress?

A

Individual differences Context

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25
Q

How can individual differences and context affect stress?

A

An individual may have different things that make something more or less stressful

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26
Q

Who proposed the transitional model of stress?

A

Lazarus and Folkman, 1984

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27
Q

How does the transitional model of stress define stress?

A

As the perception of interaction with individual person and what’s going on around them

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28
Q

What does a person do in the transitonal model of stress?

A

Demands Resources Constantly appraises this

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29
Q

What can demands be?

A

Life events Daily hassles Chronic stressors

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30
Q

Give two examples of life events that could cause stress

A

Illness Bereavement

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31
Q

Give two examples of daily hassles that could cause stress?

A

Losing keys Missing bus

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32
Q

What resources may a person have?

A

Personality Social support Coping skills

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33
Q

How may a person have developed coping skills?

A

They may have experienced stressor before, and so know strategies

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34
Q

According to the transitional model of stress, when does a person experience a stress response?

A

If percieved demands > resources

35
Q

What is meant by appraisal?

A

The way we think about things

36
Q

What are the stages of appraisal?

A

Primary appraisal Secondary appraisal Reappraisal

37
Q

What questions may be asked in primary appraisal?

A

Is the event a threat? How bad could it be?

38
Q

What questions are asked in secondary appraisal?

A

Do I have resources or skills to cope?

39
Q

What happens in reappraisal?

A

Reconsider the situation once have tried to cope with it

40
Q

What is the result of reappraisal?

A

May decide it’s more or less stressful than before, moderating the stress response

41
Q

What factors influence stress on individuals?

A

Control over situation Social support

42
Q

How does control of the situation affect the stress response?

A

Often stressful things feel out of control

43
Q

What study showed the effect of control over the situation on stress?

A

Whitehall 2 studies

44
Q

What did the Whitehall 2 study find?

A

Looked at people in the Civil Service, found that males in jobs with low control were 50% more likely to develop stress related illnesses than those not

45
Q

What effect does social support have on stress?

A

Buffer against stress Protects against experiencing Helps cope when do experience

46
Q

What showed the effects of social support on stress?

A

A systemic review,which showed that lack of social support had the same effects as obesity and alcohol

47
Q

What effects does stress have on health?

A

Physical damage, primarily to cardiovascular system Affects immune function Implication of stress in cancer, AIDS, herpes Linked to unhealthy behaviours Can lead to mental issues

48
Q

What affect does acute stress have on the CVS?

A

Increases the risk of CVS events, particularly heart attacks

49
Q

Why does acute stress increase the risk of heart attacks?

A

Because of the increases in mechanical stress on the heart

50
Q

What % of sudden cardiac deaths are due to acute stressors?

A

20-40%

51
Q

Other than CVS conditions, what is stress implicated in?

A

Type 2 diabetes Immune response implicated

52
Q

Why is stress implicated in type 2 diabetes?

A

Due to the liberation of glucose

53
Q

Give an example of a result of the immune response being implicated in stress?

A

Increases in common cold incidence

54
Q

What effect do short/medium term stressors have on the immune system?

A

Cause an increase in the immune system functioning

55
Q

Why do short/medium term stressors lead to an increase in immune system functioning?

A

Body gets ready to repair damage and resist infection

56
Q

How does the body get ready to resist infection in short/medium term stress?

A

Increase in cell mediated immunity with increases in lymphocyte numbers Gets ready to fight off pathogens with antibodies and B cells

57
Q

What effect do long term stressors have on immune function?

A

They decrease immune function

58
Q

Why do long term stressors decrease immune function?

A

Causes inflammation and cortisol

59
Q

What unhealthy behaviours is stress linked too?

A

Alcohol Junk food Smoking

60
Q

Why is stress related to unhealthy behaviours?

A

People develop maladaptive coping strategies, which makes the situation worse

61
Q

Why can stress lead to mental health issues?

A

Thinking more rigid and extreme under stress Prone to cognitive distortions

62
Q

What is meant by cognitive distortions?

A

Bad thinking habits

63
Q

Who studied the effect of stress on mental health?

A

Beck, 1976

64
Q

What did Beck find in his 1976 study?

A

Stress leads to; Overgeneralisation Catastrophising Personalisation

65
Q

What is meant by rumination?

A

Reflecting and dwelling on negative thoughts

66
Q

What is lack of control and helplessness linked too in stress?

A

Anxiety and depression Low motivation

67
Q

What is the result of low motivation in stress?

A

Downward spiral of illness- less likely to engage in preventative behaviours or seek help

68
Q

What are the types of signs and symptoms of stress?

A

Cognitive symptoms Physical symptoms Emotional symptoms Behavioural symptoms

69
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of stress?

A

Memory problems Inability to concentrate Poor judgement Seeing only the negative Anxious or racing thoughts Constant worrying

70
Q

What are the physical symptoms of stress?

A

Aches and pains Diarrhoea or constipation Nausea and dizziness Chest pain Rapid heartbeat Loss of sex drive Frequent colds

71
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of stress?

A

Moodiness Irritability or short temper Agitation and inability to relax Feeling overwhelmed Sense of loneliness and isolation Depression or general unhappiness

72
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of stress?

A

Eating more or less Sleeping too much or too little Isolating yourself from others Procrastinating or neglecting responsibilities Using alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs to relax Nervous habits Nail biting Pacing

73
Q

What is the problem with stress management?

A

It is a complex process, that requires complex and diverse management

74
Q

What are the types of stress management?

A

Cognitive strategies Behavioural strategies Emotional strategies Physical strategies Non-cognitive strategies

75
Q

What are the cognitive strategies of stress management?

A

Trying to think about things differently

76
Q

What techniques are used to try and think about things differently?

A

Cognitive restructuring Hypothesis testing

77
Q

How is cognitive restructuring achieved?

A

CBT

78
Q

Give a behavioural strategy of stess management

A

Skills training

79
Q

When is skills training used?

A

For work related stress

80
Q

What skills can be taught to deal with work related stress?

A

Assertiveness Time management

81
Q

What are the emotional strategies of stress management?

A

Counselling Emotional disclosure Social support

82
Q

What is meant by social support in stress management?

A

Helping people access support, and making sure the feel confident in talking to friends and family

83
Q

What are the physical strategies in stress management?

A

Relaxation training Biofeedback Exercise

84
Q

What are the non-cognitive strategies in stress management?

A

Drugs

ESA 3 - HPHD (15 decks)

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