Stress Flashcards
_ is the arousal of a persons mind and body in response to demands made upon them which forces a person to adapt, cope or adjust to various circumstances.
Stress
Not all stress is _
Bad
_ can increase sharpness and motivation and keep people alert and involved
Stress
Positive stress is called _
Eustress
_ can be a sign that a person is taking on a challenge or trying to reach a goal
Eustress
_ _ or _ is linked to intense pressure or anxiety that can have severe short term and/or long term, psychological and physiological issues
Negative Stress
Distress
When stress becomes too _ or _, it can strain people’s ability to adjust to various situations
Severe
Prolonged
High School and college students often experience stress that is related to what 5 things?
family problems relationships pressures at school loneliness general nervousness
Stress is the main reason most _ and _ college students seek help at college counseling centers
Freshman
Sophomore
The event or situation that produces stress is called a _
stressor
However, what is a _ for one person may not be a _ for another
stressor
stressor
One person may find a long plane flight _ and like a _ _ another person might find the same plane flight _ and _
Relaxing
Mini Vacation
Stressful
Unpleasant
However some stressors are _ to nearly all people
common
When stress and stressors pile up on one another, we can reach a point where we have difficulty _
coping
It is important to recognize some of the causes of _
Stress
One of the most common sources of stress is _-being blocked from obtaining a goal
Frustration
The everyday frustrations we all experience are called _ _
Daily Hassles
What are the 8 main types of daily hassles?
Household Hassles Health Hassles Time-Pressure Hassles Inner Concern Hassles Environmental Hassles Financial Hassles Work Hassles Future Security Hassles
Preparing meals, laundry, children, cleaning, shopping, cutting grass
Household Hassles
including illness, pregnancy, anxiety about medical tests or dental appointments, side effects of medications
Health Hassles
including the feeling that there are too many things to do, too many responsibilities, and not enough time to get done what you feel needs to be done
Time-Pressure Hassles
including feeling of low self esteem and loneliness
Inner Concern Hassles
noise, crowding, pollution, traffic and crime
Environmental Hassles
concerns about paying current bills, repaying loans, saving for the future
Financial Hassles
Researchers _ _ and _ _ (1967) attempted to rank the effects of various life changes according to the amount of stress each produced
Thomas Holmes
Richard Rahe
The life changes in the stress experiment ranked from the _ _ _ _ to less upsetting events such as a _ _ _, _ _, _ _ _
Death of a Spouse
Change in sleep
Eating habits
Going on Vacation
Even life changes that are _ can produce stress because they require a certain amount of adjustment
Enjoyable
According to _and _, too much of a good thing can even make a person sick
Holmes
Rache
Too many life changes, even good ones, can cause stress that leads to _, _ _ _, _, and other health issues.
Headaches
High Blood Pressure
Accidents
_ stress that causes a person to be pulled in 2 or more directions by opposing forces or motives
Conflict
Psychologists have identified what 4 types of conflicts?
Approach-Approach Conflict
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Multiple Approach Avoidance Conflict
- _ is the least stressful type of conflict because the choices are positive
Approach-Approach Conflict
An Approach Approach Conflict is usually resolved by _ _ _
Making a Decision
However, after the decision is made, the person may still have persistent _ _ about whether or not they have made the right decision
Self Doubts
The decision maker in the _ _ _ situation may not feel settled until they are in a new situation and know that things are going to work out
Approach Approach Conflict
_ _ and the getting _ to a new setting and people are usually what helps Approach Approach Conflict fade
Time Passing
Accustomed
People in this type of conflict are forced to choose the “lesser of 2 evils”-that is, to choose between 2 unsatisfactory alternatives
Avoidance Avoidance Conflicts
A choice of whether or not to do something when part of the situation is attractive but the other is not
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
People face this type conflict when a choice is both good and bad at the same time
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Several alternative courses of action has its advantages and disadvantages
Multiple Approach Avoidance
Some people actually create their own _
Stress
Psychologists have classified people into what 2 basic personality types?
Type A (Intense) Type B (Laid back)
Always on the go; Put pressure on themselves and are constantly under stress; Highly driven, competitive and impatient
Type A
_ _ people always feel rushed and pressured because they operate at full speed and become annoyed when there is even the slightest delay
Type A
They are irritable when they have to wait in line
Type A
They walk, eat, and talk faster than other people, and they are generally quick to become angry
Type A
They are more patient and more relaxed, do not become angry as easily, and are typically less driven
Type B
While _ _ people often earn more money than _ _ people do, _ _ people pay a heavy price for their success
Type A
Type B
Type A
Research shows that _ _ people run a much greater health risk than _ _ people
Type A
Type B
What health risks are higher among Type A personality people?
Coronary Heart Disease Hypertension Depression Divorce rates Suicide
What are the 5 responses to stress?
Self-Efficacy Expectations Psychological Hardiness Sense of Humor Predictability Social Support
Different stressful situations produce similar responses by the body
General Adaption Syndrome
GAS has what 3 stages?
Alarm reaction
Resistance Stage
Exhaustion Stage
initiated when a stressor is perceived
Alarm Reaction
Alarm Reaction mobilizes the body for defensive action; this is sometimes referred to as _ or _ reaction
Flight
Fight
people attempt to find a way to cope with the stressor to avoid being overwhelmed by their negative reactions to the stressor
Resistance Stage
the adrenal and other glands activated by the fight-or-flight reaction can no longer continue to secrete hormones
Exhaustion Stage
Continued stress during the exhaustion stage may cause people to develop health problems ranging from _ and _ to _ and _ _-even _
Allergies Hives Ulcers Heart Disease Death
_ and _ protect the body from allergic reactions (such as difficulty breathing)
Corticosteroids
ACTH
Hormones are still being released but at _ levels than in the alarm stage
Lower
may involve socially unacceptable behavior (substance abuse or aggression) running away from one’s problems (withdrawal), or self-deception (use of defensive mechanisms)
Defensive Coping
Used by many adolescents and adults to try and reduce the feelings of stress
Substance Abuse
Some people use aggression and violence to cope with stressful situations
Aggression
some people withdraw from a stressful situation because they are frightened, feel helpless, or believe that any decision they make will be a mistake
Withdrawal
is the ultimate form of withdrawal
Suicide
methods the ego, according to Freud, uses to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause personal anxiety
Defense Mechanisms
develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (id) and social restraints (superego)
Personality
Source of energy for the personality
Id
Primitive, unconscious reservoir that contains the basic motives, drives, and instinctive desires
Id
Acts on impulses
Id
Pushes for immediate gratification
Id
Conscience and the Ego Ideal
Superego
In charge of values and morals (learned from authority figures such as parents)
Superego
Inner voice of “shoulds” and “should nots”
Superego
individual’s view of the kind of person he or she should strive to become
Ego Ideal
Frequently opposes id’s desires
Ego Ideal
The Rational Mind
Ego
Referee between Superego and Id
Ego
Must make decisions that satisfy no part of the personality completely, but keeps the whole out of trouble
Ego
What are the 8 defense mechanisms?
Repression Projection Rationalization Reaction Formation Displacement Denial Regression Sublimation
One of the main Freudian defense mechanisms
Repression
removes anxiety causing ideas from conscious awareness by pushing them into the unconscious
Repression
Freud compared peoples personalities to
Teakettles
But acknowledging these urges would cause a person serious feelings of _, _, and _
Guilt, Anxiety, and Shame
The use of self deception to justify unacceptable behavior or ideas
Rationalization
The transfer of an idea or impulse from a threatening or unsuitable object to a less threatening object
Displacement
Freud believed that when an individual is under a great deal of stress they will return to behavior that is characteristics of an earlier stage of development
Regression
Freud believed people sometimes deal with unacceptable impulses by projecting these impulses outward onto other people
Projection
As a result of this Projection, they may think of the world as a _ place
Dangerous
people who use the RF act contrary to their genuine feelings in order to keep their true feelings hidden
Reaction Formation
a person refuses to accept reality of anything that is bad or upsetting
Denial
