Strengthen Flashcards
In Northern Europe, archaeologists have discovered 400,000-year old sharpened wooden poles alongside flint cutting implements and the remains of horses. Since it is normally assumed that Homo sapiens did not inhabit Europe prior to 200,000 years ago, this discovery effectively disproves the widespread belief that the humanlike precursors of Homo sapiens were entirely gatherers and scavengers and did not hunt.
Which one of the following, if true, would add the most support to the argument?
A) Sharpened wooden poles were not used by humanlike precursors of Homo sapiens for self-defense or to cut or transport scavenged carcasses
B) Humanlike inhabitants or Northern Europe are known to have used stones and wooden sticks as tools more than 400,000 years ago
C) Homo sapiens evolved from humanlike precursors at least 200,000 years earlier than is normally assumed
D) The humanlike precursors of Homo sapiens developed widely divergent patterns of behavior in the very different ecosystems they inhabited
E) Prehistoric Homo sapiens who adopted hunting as a means of food acquisition did not abandon scavenging and gathering
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A) Sharpened wooden poles were not used by humanlike precursors of Homo sapiens for self-defense or to cut or transport scavenged carcasses
In an experiment, researchers played a series of musical intervals - two-note sequences - to a large, diverse group of six-month-old babies. They found that the babies paid significantly more attention when the intervals were perfect octaves, fifths, or fourths than otherwise. These intervals are prevalent in the musical systems of most cultures around the world. Thus, humans probably have a biological predisposition to pay more attention to those intervals than to others.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A) Several similar experiments using older children and adults found that these subjects, too, had a general tendency to pay more attention to octaves, gifts, and fourths than to other musical intervals.
B) None of the babies in the experiment had precious exposure to music form any culture.
C) All of the babies in the experiment had been exposed to music drawn equally form a wide variety of cultures around the world.
D) In a second experiment, these same babies showed no clear tendency to notice primary colors more than other colors.
E) Octaves, gifts, and fourths were played more frequently during the experiment than other musical intervals were.
B) None of the babies in the experiment had precious exposure to music form any culture.
In contemplating major purchases, businesses often consider only whether there is enough money left from monthly revenues after paying monthly expenses to cover the cost of the purchase. But many expenses do not occur monthly; taking into account only monthly expenses can cause a business to overextend. So the use of a. cash-flow statement is critical for all businesses.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A) Only a cash-flow statement can accurately document all monthly expenses.
B) Any business that has overextended can benefit from the use of a cash-flow statement.
C) When a business documents only monthly expenses it also documents only monthly revenue.
D) A cash-flow statement is the only way to track both monthly expenses and expenses that are not monthly.
E) When a business takes into account all expenses, not just monthly ones, it can make better decisions.
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D) A cash-flow statement is the only way to track both monthly expenses and expenses that are not monthly.
Researchers gave 100 first-graders after-school lessons in handwriting. They found that those whose composition skills had improved the most had learned to write letters the most automatically. This suggests that producing characters more automatically frees up mental resources for other activities.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A) Among the first-graders who received the after-school lessons in handwriting, those who practiced the most learned to write letters the most automatically.
B) The first-graders who wrote letters the most automatically before receiving the after-school lessons in handwriting showed the greatest improvement in their composition skills over the course of the lessons.
C) Over the course of the lessons, the first-graders who showed greater improvement in their ability to write letters automatically also generally showed greater improvement in their composition skills.
D) Before receiving the after-school lessons in handwriting, the 100 first-graders who received the lessons were representative of first-graders more generally, with respect to their skills in both handwriting and composition.
E) Among the first-graders who received the lessons in handwriting, those who started out with strong composition skills showed substantial improvement in how automatically they could write letters.
C) Over the course of the lessons, the first-graders who showed greater improvement in their ability to write letters automatically also generally showed greater improvement in their composition skills.
A recent study suggests that Alzheimer’s disease, which attacks the human brain, may be caused by a virus. In the study, blood from 11 volunteers, each of whom had the disease, was injected rats. The rats eventually exhibited symptoms of another degenerative neurological disorder, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which is caused by a virus. This led the scientist who conducted the study to conclude the Alzheimer’s disease might be caused by a virus.
Which of the following statements, if true, would most strengthen the scientist’s hypothesis that Alzheimer’s is caused by a virus?
A) Alzheimer’s disease in rats is not caused by a virus.
B) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease affects only motor nerves in rats’ limbs, not their brains.
C) The virus that causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in rats has no effect on humans.
D) The symptoms known, respectively, as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer’s disease are a different manifestations of the same disease.
E) Blood from rats without Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease produced no symptoms of the disease when injected into other experimental rats.
D) The symptoms known, respectively, as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Alzheimer’s disease are a different manifestations of the same disease.
