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BIOE211 > STRATEGIES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY: Measurements and Measurement Errors; Assessing Evidence of Disease Causation > Flashcards

STRATEGIES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY: Measurements and Measurement Errors; Assessing Evidence of Disease Causation Flashcards

1
Q

A number or label assigned to empirical properties of a variable according to rules

A

MEASUREMENT

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2
Q

numerals that have quantitative meaning

A

NUMBERS

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3
Q

attributes that have qualitative meaning

A

LABELS

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4
Q

Categorizing each subject into 2 or more mutually exclusive groupS

A

CLASSIFICATION (LABELS)

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5
Q

examples of CLASSIFICATION (LABELS)

A
  • NUTRITIONAL STATUS
  • SEVERITY OF PAIN
  • DISEASE STATUS
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6
Q

The fewer / smaller the errors, the better the measurements

A

QUALITY OF MEASUREMENTS

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7
Q

errors of QUALITY OF MEASUREMENTS

A
  • MISSCLASSIFICATION
  • DEVIATION
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8
Q

Pre-requisite for making measurements

A

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

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9
Q

example of OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

A
  • WEIGHT
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10
Q

[OPERATIONAL DEFINITION]

measurement of gravitational force acting on an object

A

CONTEXTUAL

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11
Q

[OPERATIONAL DEFINITION]

result of an object on a Newton spring scale

A

OPERATIONAL

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12
Q

give the FOUR ‘SOURCES OF ERROR’

A
  1. OBSERVER: examiner, interviewer
  2. SYSTEM: coding and classifying systems
  3. SUBJECTS
  4. INSTRUMENT
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13
Q

[SOURCES OF ERROR]

  • Differences or changes in the diagnostic criteria used by most clinicians
  • Differences or changes in the application of diagnostic criteria by individual clinicians
  • Prior knowledge
A

OBSERVER: examiner, interviewer

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14
Q

[SOURCES OF ERROR]

  • Defects or changes in Classification of diseases / causes of death Coding of diseases / causes of death
A

SYSTEM: coding and classifying systems

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15
Q

[SOURCES OF ERROR]

  • Behavioral
  • Interactive responses
  • Biologic variability
A

SUBJECTS

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16
Q

[SOURCES OF ERROR]

‘SUBJECTS’

  • Recall problems
  • Unwillingness to disclose information
A

BEHAVIORAL

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17
Q

[SOURCES OF ERROR]

‘SUBJECTS’

  • Response modified by the behavior of interviewer
  • Response modified by knowledge that one is being observed or studies
A

INTERACTIVE RESPONSES

18
Q

[SOURCES OF ERROR]

‘SUBJECTS’

  • Random or short-term fluctuations in some biological factors
A

BIOLOGIC VARIABILITY

19
Q

[SOURCES OF ERROR]

  • Equipment / mechanical instrument
  • Single index instrument
  • Abstraction form
  • Observation Checklist
A

INSTRUMENT

20
Q

[SOURCES OF ERROR]

‘INSTRUMENT’

  • Analytic or scaling problems of combining information from 2 or more items to form an overall index or indicator of the factor/disease
A

SINGLE INDEX INSTRUMENT

21
Q

[SOURCES OF ERROR]

‘INSTRUMENT’

  • not properly labeled
  • incomplete / unclear
A

ABSTRACTION FORM

22
Q

[SOURCES OF ERROR]

‘INSTRUMENT’

  • incomplete / unclear
A

OBSERVATION CHECKLIST

23
Q

[ABSTRACT and CONCRETE VARIABLES]

  • not measured directly
  • not easily defined
  • measured by combining the results of 2 or more item scores into single index
A

ABSTRACT

24
Q

[ABSTRACT and CONCRETE VARIABLES]

  • measured directly
  • easily defined
  • closely related to observed variables
A

CONCRETE

25
Q

examples of INDICATORS OF A VARIBALES

A
  • Single
  • Composite
  • Proxy indicator
26
Q

[INDICATORS OF A VARIBALES]

  • obvious and has one indicator
A

SINGLE

27
Q

[INDICATORS OF A VARIBALES]

  • not so obvious and can have multiple indicators
A

COMPOSITE

28
Q

human errors which involves PROCESSING, DATA ABSTRACTION, TRANSCRIPTION, IMPROPER USE OF SOFTWARE, SOFTWARE VIRUSES/BUGS

A

DATA PROCESSING

29
Q

two examples of CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT

A
  • RELIABILITY
  • VALIDITY
30
Q

[CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT]

‘RELIABILITY’ examples

A
  • INTER-OBSERVER RELIABILITY
  • INTRA-OBSERVER RELIABILITY
  • INTERNAL CONSISTENCY
31
Q

[CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT]

‘VALIDITY’ examples

A
  • SENSITIVITY
  • SPECIFICITY
  • PREDICTIVE VALUE (+)
  • PREDICTIVE VALUE (-)
32
Q

[CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT]

  • the extent to which the measurements obtained are reproducible or repeatable
A

RELIABILITY

33
Q

[CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT]

‘RELIABILTY’

  • Across 2 or more observer
A

INTER-OBSERVER RELIABILITY

34
Q

[CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT]

‘RELIABILITY’

  • Within the same person looking at the same data, giving same results
A

INTRA-OBSERVER RELIABILITY

35
Q

[CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT]

‘RELIABILITY’

  • Similarity among items of a composite measure
A

INTERNAL CONSISTENCY

36
Q

[CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT]

  • the extent to which measurements reflect the true values of the theoretical factors that
    the observed variable is supposed to measure
A

VALIDITY

37
Q

[CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT]

‘VALIDITY’

  • proportion of people labelled positive by the test among those with the disease
A

SENSITIVITY

38
Q

[CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT]

‘VALIDITY’

  • proportion of people labelled negative by the test among those without the disease
A

SPECIFICITY

39
Q

[CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT]

‘VALIDITY’

  • proportion of people who tested positive who have the disease
A

PREDICTIVE VALUE (+)

40
Q

[CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING QUALITY OF MEASUREMENT]

‘VALIDITY’

  • proportion of people who tested negative among those without the disease
A

PREDICTIVE VALUE (-)

BIOE211 (4 decks)

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