INTRODUCTION TO EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards
Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states among specified populations and the application of that study to the control of health problems.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
________ ________ are applied to the control of health problems in population
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
an observational science that involves describing the occurrence of disease in populations
DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY
an observational science that involves in researching the etiology
ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY
Aids with health promotion, alleviation of adverse health outcomes (e.g. infectious and chronic disease), and prevention of diseases.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Originates from the Greek word ____ (upon) + _____ (people) +
______(study of)
epi, demos, logy
[THREE TYPES OF PREVENTION]
- Involves the prevention of disease before it occurs.
- Targets the stage of pre pathogenesis and embodies general health promotion and specific prevention against disease.
PRIMARY PREVENTION
[THREE TYPES OF PREVENTION]
- Takes place during the early phases of pathogenesis and includes activities that limit the progression of disease.
SECONDARY PREVENTION
[THREE TYPES OF PREVENTION]
Directed toward the later stages of pathogenesis and includes programs for restoring patients optimal functioning: examples
are physical therapy for stroke patients and fitness program for
recovering heart attack patients
TERTIARY PREVENTION
[MULTIPLE CHOICE]
creation of a healthful environment, implementation of health education programs, and administration of immunizations against specific infectious disease
a.) PRIMARY PREVENTION
b.) SECONDARY PREVENTION
c.) TERTIARY PREVENTION
a.) PRIMARY PREVENTION
[MULTIPLE CHOICE]
Programs for cancer screening and early detection of other chronic diseases.
a.) PRIMARY PREVENTION
b.) SECONDARY PREVENTION
c.) TERTIARY PREVENTION
b. or c.
SECONDARY / TERTIARY PREVENTION
[EPIDEMIOLOGY PURPOSES IN PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE]
Discover the _____, _____, and ____________ factors that affect
health
agent, host, environmental
[EPIDEMIOLOGY PURPOSES IN PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE]
Determine the relative importance of causes of ______, _______, and _______
illness, disability, death
[EPIDEMIOLOGY PURPOSES IN PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE]
Identify those segments of the _________ that have the greatest ______ from specific causes of __________.
population, risk, ill health
[EPIDEMIOLOGY PURPOSES IN PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE]
Evaluate the effectiveness of ___________ and _________ in improving __________ health
health program, services, population
[EPIDEMIOLOGIC LEVER]
The ______ and ______ are at the opposite ends of a hypothetical lever while the _________ serves as the fulcrum
host, agent, environment
[EPIDEMIOLOGIC LEVER]
Disease results from an imbalance between disease ______ and ______
agent, man
[EPIDEMIOLOGIC LEVER]
The nature and extent of the imbalance depends on the _______ and __________ of the host and the agent
nature, characteristics
[EPIDEMIOLOGIC LEVER]
The characteristic of the two are influenced considerably by the conditions of their __________
environment
[KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY]
Epidemiology sometimes called _________
POPULATION MEDICINE
[KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY]
this approached is with contrasts with clinical medicines which concern with individual.
POPULATION MEDICINE
[KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY]
The unique focus of epidemiology is upon the occurrence of health and disease in a population.
POPULATION FOCUS
[KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY]
variations in the occurrence of cancer, heart disease, and asthma in populations
DISTRIBUTION
[KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY]
Defined as “any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristics” example; biological agents (bacteria,/viruses), chemical agents
DETERMINANTS
[KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY]
Related to determinants are _________, which pertain either to contact with disease-causing factor
exposure
[KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY]
this is also related to determinants
RISK FACTORS
[KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY]
All possible results that may stem from exposure to a casual factor
OUTCOMES
[KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY]
These outcomes may be expressed as types and measures of ________ and ________
morbidity, mortality
Uses information from many fields
INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE
[INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE]
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Q : Mathematics and Biostatistics
a.) quantitative methods
b.) historical accounts of disease and early epidemiologic methods
c.) social determinants of disease
d.) population structures and location of disease outbreak)
e.) models of disease; design of health promotion program
f.) examining evidence to establish causality; legal basis for health policy
a.) quantitative methods
[INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE]
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Q : History
a.) quantitative methods
b.) historical accounts of disease and early epidemiologic methods
c.) social determinants of disease
d.) population structures and location of disease outbreak)
e.) models of disease; design of health promotion program
f.) examining evidence to establish causality; legal basis for health policy
b.) historical accounts of disease and early epidemiologic methods
[INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE]
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Q : Sociology
a.) quantitative methods
b.) historical accounts of disease and early epidemiologic methods
c.) social determinants of disease
d.) population structures and location of disease outbreak)
e.) models of disease; design of health promotion program
f.) examining evidence to establish causality; legal basis for health policy
c.) social determinants of disease
[INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE]
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Q : Demography and geography
a.) quantitative methods
b.) historical accounts of disease and early epidemiologic methods
c.) social determinants of disease
d.) population structures and location of disease outbreak)
e.) models of disease; design of health promotion program
f.) examining evidence to establish causality; legal basis for health policy
d.) population structures and location of disease outbreak)
[INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE]
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Q : Behavioral Sciences
a.) quantitative methods
b.) historical accounts of disease and early epidemiologic methods
c.) social determinants of disease
d.) population structures and location of disease outbreak)
e.) models of disease; design of health promotion program
f.) examining evidence to establish causality; legal basis for health policy
e.) models of disease; design of health promotion program
[INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE]
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Q : Law
a.) quantitative methods
b.) historical accounts of disease and early epidemiologic methods
c.) social determinants of disease
d.) population structures and location of disease outbreak)
e.) models of disease; design of health promotion program
f.) examining evidence to establish causality; legal basis for health policy
f.) examining evidence to establish causality; legal basis for health policy
Progression of a disease process in an individual overtime, in the absence of treatment
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE
[NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE]
stage of subclinical diseases extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms
INCUBATION PERIOD
[NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE]
TWO PHASES of INCUBATION PERIOD
- PRE-PATHOGENESIS
- PATHOGENESIS
[NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE]
PHASE OF INCUBATION PERIOD:
- Phase before man is involved
- Through interaction of agent, host and environmental factors, agent finally reaches man
PRE-PATHOGENESIS
[NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE]
PHASE OF INCUBATION PERIOD:
- Includes the success invasion and establishment of the agent in the host
- From incubation period to production of detectable evidence of the disease process until it is interrupted by treatment
PATHOGENESIS
Pre-exposure period in the natural history of disease, in which the individual in the population is vulnerable or at risk to acquire the infection and/ or amenable to get exposed to and be harmed by a health determinant.
STAGE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY
During this stage, the individual in the population does not have the disease nor the infection; only the risk factors are present
STAGE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY
The susceptibility stage ends with the ___________.
effective exposure
- Refers to the period of time and the onset of signs or symptoms of the disease
- Sufficient end-organ changes have occurred so that there are recognizable signs or symptoms of disease
STAGE OF CLINICAL DISEASE
- The outcomes of this stage may be recover, disability or death
- It is important to subdivide this stage for better management of cases and for purposes of epidemiologic study
- Morphologic subdivision or on functional or therapeutic considerations
STAGE OF CLINICAL DISEASE
- The final stage in natural history of disease concerns the outcome: recovery, disability, or death
- Some disease run their course and then resolve completely either spontaneously or by treatment
- Any temporary or long term reduction of a persons activities
STAGE OF DISABILITY
- Method of grouping of disease based on their specific features
- Ensures universal criteria for diagnosing disease
- Usually dependent on current level of knowledge about the disease
CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE
[CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE]
Data Used:
- signs and symptoms
CLINICAL
[CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE]
Data Used:
- presumed cause
ETIOLOGIC
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
- Refers to the occurrence of NEW DISEASE or mortality within defined period of observation in a specific population.
INCIDENCE
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
__________ is expressed as a numbers e.g., the number of new cases of ling cancer reported during the year
INCIDENCE
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
Denotes a rate formed by dividing the number of new cases that occur during a time period by the number of individuals in the population at risk
INCIDENCE RATE
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
Members of the population who are capable of developing the disease
POPULATION AT RISK
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
Number of EXISTING cases of a disease or health condition, or deaths in a population at some designated time.
PREVALENCE
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
Refers to all cases of a disease, health condition, or deaths that exist at a particular point in time relative to a specific population from which the cases are derived
POINT OF PREVALENCE
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
Refers to all cases of a disease within a period of time
PERIOD OF PREVALENCE
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
Actual number of events in a population over a given time period.
CRUDE RATES
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
Approximates the proportion of a population that dies during a time period of interest
CRUDE DEATH RATE
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
Refers to the number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with that disease
CASE FATALITY RATE
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
CRF provides a measurement of the lethality of a disease, is defined as the number of deaths due to a specific disease within a specified time period.
CASE FATALITY RATE
[TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC MEASURES]
the number of deaths within a population due to specific disease or cause divided by the total number of deaths in the population
PROPORTIONAL MORTALITY RATIO
