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BIOE211 > EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES: Descriptive Study Designs; Analytic Epidemiology > Flashcards

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES: Descriptive Study Designs; Analytic Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q
  • Describes
  • More exploratory
  • Profiles characteristics of groups
  • Focuses on “what”
  • Assumes no hypothesis
  • No comparison between groups over time
A

DESCRIPTIVE

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2
Q
  • Explains
  • More explanatory
  • Analyze why the group has characteristics
  • Focuses on “why”
  • Assumes hypothesis
  • Comparison between groups
    over time
A

ANALYTICAL

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3
Q

Study of:
- amount of occurrence of disease
- Its distribution within the population
- For the purpose of identifying non-random variation in disease occurrence

A

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

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4
Q
  • 1st step in risk factor determination
  • Data lead to the formulation of research hypothesis
A

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

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5
Q

Sources of data:
- Routinely collected

EXAMPLES: Census, vital registries, clinical records, employment health examination

A

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

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6
Q

uses of DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES

A
  • Trend Analysis
  • Health Care Planning
  • Hypothesis generation
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7
Q

types of DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES

A
  1. ECOLOGIC (correlational studies)
  2. CASE REPORT & CASE SERIES
  3. CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES (prevalence studies)
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8
Q

[TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES]

  • Correlational or aggregate studies
  • Measures the characteristics that represent the entire population
  • Comparison of groups rather than individuals
  • Describes disease in relation to a factor of interest
A

ECOLOGIC STUDIES

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9
Q

[TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES]

‘types of ECOLOGIC STUDIES’

A
  • MULTI-GROUPED DESIGN
  • TIME-TREND DESIGN (ecologic trend)
  • MIXED DESIGN
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10
Q

[TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES]

‘types of ECOLOGIC STUDIES’

  • compare rate of disease among DIFFERENT regions during SAME period search for SPATIAL PATTERN.
A

MULTI-GROUP DESIGN

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11
Q

[TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES]

‘types of ECOLOGIC STUDIES’

  • compare the rate of disease OVER TIME in a GEOGRAPHICALLY DEFINED population
A

TIME-TREND DESIGN (ecologic trend)

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12
Q

[TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES]

‘types of ECOLOGIC STUDIES’

  • show temporal trends, forecast future rate
    and trends
A

MIXED DESIGN

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13
Q

[TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES]

Describes the experience of a single patient or group of patients with a similar diagnosis

A

CASE REPORTS & CASE SERIES

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14
Q

[TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES]

‘CASE REPORT & CASE SERIES’

  • Document unusual medical occurrences
  • Represents first clues in the identification of new diseases or adverse effects of exposures
  • New syndromes or variants of known disease
A

CASE REPORT

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15
Q

[TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES]

‘CASE REPORT & CASE SERIES’

  • collection of individual reports
  • early means to identify the presence of an epidemic
  • investigation of affected individuals can lead to hypothesis generation
  • identification of the disease
  • identification of specific risk factors
A

CASE SERIES

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16
Q

Objective:
- to test a hypothesis; a statement about the relationship between 2 variables

A

ANALYTIC STUDY

17
Q

two types of ANALYTIC STUDY

A
  • OBSERVATIONAL
  • EXPERIMENTAL
18
Q

EXPOSURE (E) and OUTCOME/ DISEASE (D)
variables are measured at one point in time or over a very short period of time

A

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

19
Q
  • Provides information about the frequency and characteristics of the disease by furnishing a “snapshot” of the health experience of the population at a specified time
  • Provides information on the prevalence of disease or other health outcomes
  • Monitor changes in population over time
  • Make inferences about the risk of developing a disease
  • Determine the association between coexisting variables
A

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

20
Q

[CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA]

‘STEPS’

  1. ________ study population
  2. _______ an adequate # of ________ by scientific sampling techniques
  3. ________ data
  4. ________ data
A
  1. Choose
  2. Draw, subjects
  3. Collect
  4. Analyze
21
Q

[CASE CONTROL STUDIES]

‘STEPS’

  1. ______ and ______ cases
  2. ________ and ________ of controls
  3. Ascertainment of _________
  4. _________
A
  1. Define, select
  2. Definition, selection
  3. exposure
  4. Analysis
22
Q

[CASE CONTROL STUDIES]

‘Define and select cases’

  • diagnostic criteria for the disease
  • eligibility criteria
  • may be problematic if the diagnostic procedure is expensive
A

ESTABLISH OBJECTIVE CRITERIA

23
Q

[CASE CONTROL STUDIES]

‘Define and select cases’

sources:
- hospitals (secondary or case-defined base)
- population (primary study base)
- types: PREVALENT or INCIDENT cases
- methods of selection: total enumeration or random sampling

A

SELECT CASES

24
Q

[CASE CONTROL STUDIES]

‘Definition and selection of controls’

  • comparable to the source of population cases
  • matching: to achieve comparability
  • 1-1 matching
  • category matching
A

DEFINITION CONTROL GROUP

25
Q

[CASE CONTROL STUDIES]

“Definition and selection of controls”

  • get controls from the same source population as the case
  • SOURCE: hospital, general population, special groups
  • METHODS: random sampling or paired sampling (matched)
A

SELECT CONTROL

26
Q

[CASE CONTROL STUDIES]

  • Operational definition of exposure variable
  • SOURCES: subjects or medical records
  • METHODS of data collection: same for the 2 groups
  • Reference point should be identified: basis on which an individual should be considered exposed
A

ASCERTAINMENT OF EXPOSURE

27
Q

[CASE CONTROL STUDIES]

  • Measures of association
  • Odds ratio (OR)
A

ANALYSIS

BIOE211 (4 decks)

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