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Germany 2 The Birth of Democratic Germany > Strains of War, Tensions and Military Dictatorship 1917 > Flashcards

Strains of War, Tensions and Military Dictatorship 1917 Flashcards

1
Q

When did the SPD show support for the war?

A

4th August 1914

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2
Q

Who was the first SPD member to oppose the German involvement in the war and when?

A

Liebknecht December 1914

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3
Q

What did the KRA do?

A
  • Ensured that Germany didn’t run out of raw materials.
  • Oversaw the companies that stored and distributed raw materials
  • Established chemicals factories to make up storage of nitrates
  • Solved the crisis through a form of nationalisation
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4
Q

What led to the creation of Local War Boards?

A

There were less workers because of conscription while trying to avoid industrial unrest if too many workers went to war.

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5
Q

What did Local War Boards do?

A

Control rationing and food prices for workers

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6
Q

Why didn’t rationing work in Germany?

A

The public didn’t support it fully because the German army was failing

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7
Q

Why was the current account defecit getting larger?

A

The Germans were ignoring it until after the war

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8
Q

Who weren’t the German government taxing?

A

Junkers

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9
Q

What % of the cost of the war was met with taxation?

A

16%

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10
Q

What % of the war was paid with war bonds and printing money?

A

84%

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11
Q

Why did the War Nutrition Office fail?

A

Junkers - due to pressure from a powerful agricultural lobby of land owners, food regulation was hard to achieve in the war nutrition office.

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12
Q

What was the effect of conscription on food?

A

Due to conscription most able bodied men were gone so food labour was low and a decline in grain supply and production. This led to a black market of food.

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13
Q

What was the aim of the Auxillary Service Law and the Hindenburg Programme?

A

Increase arm production

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14
Q

What did the Auxiiary Service Law try to do to the civilian population?

A

Mobilise them for service by trying to stop people moving jobs but this failed.

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15
Q

What did ‘Total War’ mean?

A

Spared neither the military nor civilian population

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16
Q

What did the Germans think at the begining of the war compared to the end of the War?

A

At the begining of the war, Germans thought it was defensive.

But at the end of the war, Germany wanted land which caused a lot of divide across Germany.

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17
Q

What was the Kreuznach Programme?

A

The basis of the Seigfriede and set out what Hindenburg and Ludendorff wanted to achieve with an end to the war.

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18
Q

What did the Kreuznach Programme call for?

A

The Kreuznach Programme called for the annexation of the Baltic region, all of Poland, Luxembourg, French coal and iron fields.

The economic dominance over Belgium and territory from the country.

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19
Q

What did the Kreuznach Programme state?

A

It stated that Germany wanted to control of Romanian oil fields and territory in the Balkans which would be given to her allies, Austria and Bulgaria.

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20
Q

What did Bethmann say about the Kreuznach Programme?

A

Bethmann said the demands were unrealistic and unachievable, but was forced to agree due to the strength of the military.

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21
Q

What was the Zimmerman Telegram?

A

A message from Germany to Mexico in 1917 asking for military alliance if the USA joined the war.

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22
Q

What did Ludendorff do that made Bethmann believe that the USA would join the war?

A

Introduced ‘unrestricted submarine warfare’ which German u-boats attacked any ships approaching British ports.

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23
Q

When did the USA join the war?

A

1917

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24
Q

What was and when was the Seigfried?

A

1917 - a victory peace.

Germany should use her position of strength to achieve its long-cherished world power status.

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25
Q

When was the Battle of the Somme and the Battle of Verdun?

A

1916

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26
Q

Who was the party that opposd the Seigfried?

A

SPD

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27
Q

Why did most people support the Seigfried?

A

It was more than just territorial gains; it was believed that unless Germany achieved a decisive victory with the associated territorial and monetry gains, she would undergo great political change. A reonciled peace could encourage interanl reform and change.

28
Q

How many German soldiers died during the war?

A

1.8 million

29
Q

Describe the events of the July 1917 crisis?

A
  • July 1917 Germany was losing WW1 - reason being the USA joined in April 1917 (within the first 2 months of war USA had 1 million troops)
  • Bethmann endorsed Kreuznach Programme which reduced his popularity in the Reichstag
  • Mattihas Erzberger passed a peace resolution in the Reichstag calling for an end to the war
  • Bethmann resigned and was replaced by Michaelis - “he was like the fairy angel tied to the tree” he was useless.
30
Q

What % of the 1.8 million German soldiers that died during the war were conscripted?

A

16%

31
Q

What are the 5 reasons that discontent on the Home Front grew?

A
  1. Food and fuel shortages
  2. Civilian deaths
  3. Infant mortatility
  4. The flu epidemic
  5. Inflation
32
Q

What % of Germany’s pigs were killed in 1915 to save on grain?

A

35%

33
Q

When were there meat shortages?

A

1916

34
Q

What was the winter of 1916 nicknamed and why?

A

Turnip winter - the failure of the potato crop forced the German people to rely heavily on turnips, which were usually used for animal fodder.

35
Q

How many civilian deaths were there in 1916, caused by starvation and hypothermia?

A

121,000

36
Q

How many civilian deaths were there in 1918?

A

293,000

37
Q

During the war how many civilians died of starvation?

A

750,000

38
Q

How much did infant mortality increase by during the war?

A

50%

39
Q

When was Europe hit by the Spanish Flu?

A

1918

40
Q

How many people did the Spanish Flu kill?

A

20 and 40 million

41
Q

How much did prices increase by between 1914 and 1918?

A

double

42
Q

How much did wages increase by during 1914 and 1918?

A

50% - 75%

43
Q

When and how many workers went on strike in Berlin?

A

April 1917 - 200,000 workers went on strike in Berlin?

44
Q

Why did resentment grow in the middle class?

A

They felt that their status had been lowered as their income declined.

45
Q

What did the breakdown of the Burgfriede mean?

A

Political opponents no longer put aside their differences to defend Germany against its enemies.

46
Q

When was the Russian Revolution?

A

Feb 1917

47
Q

How many Germans were involved in strikes in 1917?

A

1.5 million

48
Q

Why was the SPD and Erzberger concerned about the USA joining the war?

A

Before the USA had joined the war, the Germans had been able to justify it as a necessary defense against Tsarist aggression. However, the democratic system in Germany led by the SPD, was inspired by the USA’s, meaning that it was less justifiable to declare war on them.

49
Q

What did Erzberger realise was a complete failure during his reseach?

A

Unrestricted submarine warfare

50
Q

What were the 2 major concerns for Erzberger about Germany’s war?

A
  1. Growing strength of enemies
  2. Austria wanting to remove themselves from the war by the end of 1917
51
Q

When was the Peace Resolution passed in the Recishatg and by how many votes?

A

19th July 1917 - 86 votes

52
Q

How did Hindenburg and Ludendorff use the Peace Resolution to get rid of Bethmann-Hollweg?

A

They said to the Kaiser that they had to resign because their chancellor had lost support in the Reichstag.

The Kaiser told Bethmann and he resigned to keep Lundendorff and Hindenburg

53
Q

When did Bethmann Hollweg resign?

A

13th July 1917

54
Q

Who did Hindenburg and Ludendorff force the Kaiser to appoint as Chancellor?

A

Michaelis

55
Q

Which party did Ludendorff help found?

A

The Fatherland Party

56
Q

How many members did the Fatherland Party have by 1918?

A

1 million

57
Q

Who did the Fatherland Party have support from?

A
  • Military
  • Prominent industrialists
  • Media Tycoons
58
Q

How was the Independent Socialists form?

A

Split from the SPD in 1917

59
Q

What sort of people voted for the independent socialists?

A

Industrial workers disillusioned by the policies of the SPD

60
Q

Who were the leaders of the Independent Socialists?

A

Rosa Luxamburg and Karl Leibknecht

61
Q

What was the independent socialists attitude towards the repuiblic?

A

They wanted a replacement of parliamentary democracy with workers’ soviets

62
Q

What was the domestic policy of the Independent Socialists?

A

The party supported the idea of revolution but was bitterly divided as to how to proceed and which policies to follow.

63
Q

When did the independent socialists split into 2?

A

October 1920

64
Q

When did the right wing of the independent socialists merge with the SPD?

A

1922

65
Q

What was the independent socialists attitiude towards foreign policy?

A

Opposed war and Versailles Treaty. Followed the foreign policy dictated by Moscow through the Comintern (Internation Communist Organisation)

Germany 2 The Birth of Democratic Germany (3 decks)

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