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Histology and Physiology Reproduction System > Straight Tubule --> Ejaculatory Duct and Hormonal Regulation > Flashcards

Straight Tubule --> Ejaculatory Duct and Hormonal Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

what nuclei make GnRH

A

arcuate and preoptic

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2
Q

each lobule in testis has how many convoluted seminiferous tubules

A

1-4

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3
Q

intratesticular ducts

A

the straight tubules and rete testis that connect the seminiferous tubules to the ductus epididymis

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4
Q

GnRH –> LH/FSH –> ??

A

LH = regulation of testosterone production by Leydig cells

FSH = proliferation and seminiferous tubule growth

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5
Q

FSH function in sertoli cells

A

initiation of spermatogenesis in puberty done by FSH secreted growth factors

signals upregulation of ABP by sertoli cells

development of the blood testis barrier

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6
Q

inhibin B

A

levels correlate with total sperm count and testicular volume

can be used as an index of spermatogenesis

negative feedback to anterior pituitary release of LH and FSH

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7
Q

testosterone feedback

A

(+) on sertoli cells (with FSH) to initiate spermatogenesis etc

(-) on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

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8
Q

estradiol

A

release from sertoli cells is stimulated by FSH

(-) feedback on Leydig cells

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9
Q

leydig cells = ? cells

sertoli cells = ? cells

A

theca

granulosa

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10
Q

androgen –> estrogen conversion system in testis

A
  1. leydig cells produce androgens
  2. travel through the basement membrane into the seminiferous epithelium
  3. sertoli cells convert androgen to estradiol
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11
Q

3 forms of testosterone

A
  1. bound to albumin loosely (50%) bioavailable
  2. tightly bound to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) = 44% bio-inactive
  3. free (2-3%) bioavailable
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12
Q

fate of testosterone once reaches target cells

A

remain testosterone

converted to estrogen

converted to DHT

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13
Q

5-alpha reductase

A

testosterone –> DHT

DHT = involved in creation of external genitalia

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14
Q

peripheral testosterone

A

responsible for sexual differentiation

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15
Q

intratesticular testosterone

A

high local levels in the testis is needed for spermatogenesis

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16
Q

testosterone receptor

A

androgen receptor

all forms of testosterone bind to it

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17
Q

masculinization of the brain is regulated by what hormone

A

estradiol, which was converted from testosterone

18
Q

fetal testosterone

A

testes stimulated by placental hCG to make moderate amounts of T

important for development of the fetus

19
Q

puberty testosterone levels

A

pulsatile release of GnRH begins

leads to increase in T

essentially no testosterone is made before puberty

during puberty = LH levels increase –> increase testosterone

initially during sleep

later throughout the day

20
Q

testosterone at age 40

A

start going down slightly and SHBG binding increases

21
Q

andropause

A

decreased sperm production, fatigue, depression, decreased erectile dysfunction

22
Q

hypergonadism

A

too much androgen before puberty

causing early puberty properties

causes:

  • hypothalamic tumors
  • activating mutations in LH receptor
  • CAH
  • androgen-producing tumors
  • pinealoma

all of these would lead to HIGH testosterone levels

increased testosterone –> more negative feedback so low LH

23
Q

hypogonadism

A

decreased androgen production

2 possible causes

A. hyper-gonadotropic (Primary) = testicular dysfunction in presence of elevated gonadotropin levels

  • issue with leydig cells
  • body overproduces GnRH, and LH since low testosterone

B. hypo-gonadotropic (secondary) = issue is in ht hypothalamus OR pituitary

  • still low testosterone
  • differentiate between origin of issue with ‘challenge test’
24
Q

challenge test for hypogonatropic disease

A

give patient GnRH and look at LH/T levels

if hypothalamus= = LH and T will go up

if pituitary = LH and T will be low

25
Q

straight tubule of testis

A

tubuli recti

end of seminiferous tubule

feed into rete testes

early = lined by sertoli cells ONLY

late = simple cuboidal epithelium

26
Q

rete testis

A

connections between different lobules of the testes

exist in the mediastinum testes

cuboidal or low columnar epithelium

more basophilc than the venous plexus epithelium

lumen = sperm

27
Q

venous epithelium of testes

A

more acidophilic than rete testis

lumen = blood

28
Q

excurrent ducts are what…

A

efferent ductules

ductus epididymis

vas deferens

ejaculatory duct

29
Q

efferent ductules

A

move sperm towards the epididymis and reabsorbs fluid secreted by the sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules

pseudostratified columnar

  • alternating tall and short cells (wavy outline)
  • tall = cilia –> movement of sperm
  • short = villi –> absorption of fluid

single layer of SmM interspersed between elastic fibers - helps in sperm transport

30
Q

epididymus

A

3 sections

head = efferent ductules with wavy outline of lumen
- single SmM layer that contracts spontaneously

body = ductus epididymus = where spermatozoa mature and gain the ability to move and fertilize (has straighter lumen)

  • inhibitory proteins stop actual movement here though..
  • single SmM layer that contracts spontaneously

tail = duct of the epididymis = where sperm is stored
- 3 layers of SmM that does not contract spontaneously
- inner and outer long
middle circular
- needs neurostimulation

31
Q

histology of ductus epididymus

A

pseudostratified columnar (not alternating tall and short)

principle cells = long columnar with stereocilia (absorption)

basal cells

sperm in lumen

larger lumen than efferent ductules = how can tell them apart

32
Q

vas deferens

A

continuation of the tail of the epididymis that enters the abdomen as part of the spermatic cord

function = strong contractions in response to neurostimulation to expel the sperm into the ejac duct

33
Q

histology of vas deferens

A

lumen = longitudinal folds (NOT mucosal folds)

mucosa = similar to the mucosa of the ductus epididymis
- but columnar cells aren’t as tall and dont ahve as many cilia (so not called principle cells anymore)

lamina propria = loose CT with elastic fibers

muscularis = THICK because it is also contracting in response to neurostimulation for ejaculation
- 3 layers = long, circular, long

adventitia = mixed with CT of the spermatic cord

34
Q

histological differences between vas deferens and oviduct

A

vas deferens = pseudostratified epithelium and NO mucosal folds

oviduct = non-ciliated and ciliated simple columnar cells (Peg cells for secretion) and real mucosal folds

35
Q

vas deferens vs, ureter histologically

A

both have transitional epithelium with dome shaped cells

SmM layers are more tightly packed in vas deferens

36
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

connects the end of the vas deferens to the urethra through prostate glands

pseudostratified columnar

does not have muscularis

37
Q

straight tubules

  1. cell types =
  2. muscle/tissue =
  3. function =
A
  1. early = sertoli
    late = simple cuboidal
  2. CT
  3. sperm transport
38
Q

rete testes

  1. cell types =
  2. muscle/tissue =
  3. function =
A
  1. simple cuboidal with microvilli and cilia
  2. dense CT of mediastinum
  3. sperm transport = channels with sperm from all seminiferous tubules
39
Q

efferent ductules

  1. cell types =
  2. muscle/tissue =
  3. function =
A
  1. wavy pseudostratified columnar - short cells = microvilli and long cells = cilia
  2. thin SmM circular and loose CT
  3. absorb most fluid and sperm transport
40
Q

ductus epididymis

  1. cell types =
  2. muscle/tissue =
  3. function =
A
  1. pseudostratified columnar = basal cells + stereociliated cells
  2. SmM at head and body (1 circular)…tail = 3 layers
  3. absorb fluid, sperm maturation and storage; expel sperm at ejaculation
41
Q

vas deferens

  1. cell types =
  2. muscle/tissue =
  3. function =
A
  1. stereociliated pseudostratified columnar
  2. fibroelastic lamina propria and 3 layers of SmM
  3. sperm transport and absorb fluid
42
Q

ejaculatory duct

  1. cell types =
  2. muscle/tissue =
  3. function =
A
  1. pseudostratified and simple columnar
  2. fibroelastic and prostate SmM
  3. absorb most fluid and sperm transport

Histology and Physiology Reproduction System (12 decks)

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