Strabismus Flashcards
What is strabismus?
Strabismus is a condition where the eyes are misaligned and point in different directions.
What are the types of strabismus?
Esotropia (inward turning), exotropia (outward turning), hypertropia (upward turning), and hypotropia (downward turning).
What are the common symptoms of strabismus?
Double vision (diplopia), eye strain, headaches, and difficulty with depth perception.
What is the aetiology of strabismus?
It can be congenital, acquired, or secondary to neurological, muscular, or refractive issues.
What is the difference between concomitant and incomitant strabismus?
Concomitant strabismus shows consistent deviation regardless of gaze direction; incomitant varies with gaze.
What is the prevalence of strabismus?
It affects approximately 2-4% of the population, commonly seen in children.
What are the risk factors for strabismus?
Family history, premature birth, low birth weight, neurological conditions, and refractive errors.
What is amblyopia, and how is it related to strabismus?
Amblyopia (“lazy eye”) is reduced vision in one eye due to poor visual development, often caused by strabismus.
What are the clinical signs of strabismus?
Misaligned eyes, abnormal head posture, and suppression of one eye in visual tasks.
What is the Hirschberg test?
A test to assess strabismus by observing the reflection of light on the corneas.
What is the cover test?
A test used to identify strabismus by covering one eye and observing the movement of the uncovered eye.
What is the alternate cover test?
A test to detect latent strabismus (phoria) by alternately covering each eye and observing movement.
What investigations are needed for strabismus?
Comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity, ocular motility, and sometimes imaging if neurological causes are suspected.
What are the differential diagnoses for strabismus?
Pseudostrabismus, cranial nerve palsies, thyroid eye disease, or orbital trauma.
What is the conservative management of strabismus?
Corrective glasses, prism lenses, and patching therapy for amblyopia.
What is the surgical treatment for strabismus?
Eye muscle surgery to align the eyes by strengthening, weakening, or repositioning the muscles.
What is botulinum toxin used for in strabismus?
It is injected into extraocular muscles to temporarily weaken them and correct alignment.
What are the complications of untreated strabismus?
Permanent vision loss in the weaker eye (amblyopia) and social or psychological impact.
What is the role of vision therapy in strabismus management?
Vision therapy involves exercises to improve eye coordination and focus.
What is congenital esotropia?
A type of strabismus present at birth or within the first six months, characterised by inward turning of the eyes.
What is intermittent exotropia?
A condition where the eyes turn outward intermittently, often noticeable when tired or distracted.
What is pseudostrabismus?
A false appearance of misaligned eyes, often due to facial structure, with no actual misalignment.
What systemic conditions can cause strabismus?
Neurological disorders (e.g., cerebral palsy, stroke) or thyroid eye disease.
Why is early detection of strabismus important?
Early detection allows prompt treatment to prevent amblyopia and improve binocular vision.
What is the prognosis for strabismus with treatment?
With early and appropriate treatment, most patients achieve good alignment and vision.
